HIST105: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD 1, Fall 2008

FINAL GRADES

2009-01-21T10:40:00.000-08:00

NUMBER: TOTAL/ 110:
2007200300 54
2005102542 0
2003103427 0
2007100292 103
2008680127 77
2005103232 64
2007104264 78
2008207144 101
2008209084 109
2002102617 0
2007103319 107
2007100610 93
2007101180 107
2005102629 61
2007103307 50
2005102170 100
2007102842 78
2007102770 78
2007100076 87
2007101654 62
2007103940 48
2007100424 94
2006100334 86
2007200124 80
2003000215 0
2006101327 74
2007100154 97
2007103607 0
2007103088 77
2004100580 0
2006102785 59
2007100529 85
2003100025 57
2004102104 0
2008300222 0
2008300258 50
2008302195 70
2007104000 91
2006101579 84
2006104489 91
2007103694 102
2007100262 0
2007104009 94
2007100130 104
2007102935 98
2007103760 84
2006100136 107
2007103268 91
2005200069 31
2007300061 102
2006102794 85
2007100250 63
2007101345 89
2007102521 92
2006101804 78
2008301096 102
2006100067 85
2007101927 60
2007102590 107
2004100046 0
2006102674 57
2007101987 94
2007100697 102
2007103976 99
2007100883 84
2006100205 94
2004104489 0
2005101753 89
2005102599 75
2002100307 0
2006102437 70
2004100019 59
2008110150 59
2007104387 98
2007104261 83
2008302123 88
2006104927 63
2007200327 85
2005300099 0
2007104378 66
2005101066 0
2007102017 89
2004100883 88
2007102065 83
2006100307 92
2007101645 93
2004103067 0
2006103865 86
2007103613 98
2007104354 84
2005101390 108
2006104789 83
2007100112 75
2006101252 0
2007104414 84
2007104372 82
2007104375 79
2006101690 88
2004103085 64
2001102023 74
2007102728 64
2007100247 92
2006103739 83
2005103739 78
2007100703 62
2006103508 69
2007100772 94
2005103541 105
2006100403 0
2005102362 84
2007103649 110
2007101126 70
2006102710 76
2007101492 75
2004100301 0
2007200330 76
2007101909 84
2007102671 82
2007103538 91
2005103943 98
2008300243 75
2007103247 75
2006102398 105
2006000001 74
2004200047 59
2006104891 93
2007100874 82
2005000131 0
2007200145 78
2006104426 90
2007101966 87
2006104747 0
2007101003 110
2007103073 58
2006100823 90
2006104810 73
9900223 0
2003100793 92
2007103202 84
2007101072 0
2006102143 68
2005100232 81
2005102338 0
2007100568 83
2006104012 84
2006100487 58
2006103478 0
2007101852 80
2007103880 102
2007100418 87
2007104288 90
2007100838 108
2007103445 66
2006200330 27
2007103688 63
2007103133 98
2007102038 71
2007101429 102
2007104051 101
2005104444 97
2008302234 88
2004103757 91
2005100271 0
2007103172 0
2007101264 49
2006100328 95
2005102458 70
2006102416 0
2008300141 109
2003101807 99
2007100298 76
2007100361 89
2008302213 104
2007101051 98
2006101120 30
2006101534 91
2007100670 98
2005100775 30
2007101687 98
2004200051 39
2007103784 62
2006100574 0
2008302060 94
2005102929 107
2007104186 44
2005100139 69
2007103754 99
2007103157 97
2007102275 89
2005102410 91
2006103097 39
2007101525 99
2006103160 70
2008208030 100
2007100832 101
2003102932 0
2005102986 69
2006104480 87
2008302183 81
2007103517 101
2007102752 89
2007100739 97
2007102413 88
2007100100 102
2004100085 100
2008302003 107
2005103850 69
2007103328 89
2007103058 96
2007101828 87
2007102704 75
2007200148 78
2006000100 85
2008208051 91
2006100940 87
2007103712 61
2005103286 0
2007100778 82
2006104777 107
2007101816 104
2007103772 86
2007102902 89
2005100967 72
2007101804 81
2006103235 91
2007103292 95
2005101318 54
2007101420 83
2007104060 100
2007101315 99
2008209147 49
2007101438 81
2006104423 0
2007102914 83
2007103391 105
2006101945 0
2004104084 0
2008302159 104
2003100619 71
2006100970 92
2007101252 104
2007100379 98
2008207000 110
2006104996 0
2007100223 51
2006104153 69
2005104117 0
2007104213 59
2006102167 80
2007100688 101
2008301297 58
2007103082 103
2007100532 92
2007103403 103
2007101726 93
2007103052 91
2005103697 0
2007101276 71
2007102734 14
2006100664 0
2006102455 105
2007102263 71
2006100793 88
2006104312 88
2006100004 105
2006103034 63
2007103331 78
2003102584 0
2007103925 49
2004100373 40
2006102284 110
2006104585 86
2007100850 81
2008300156 0
2005102962 0
2007103160 75

AVERAGE: 70.6/110

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR FINAL MAKE-UP

2009-01-20T08:55:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

Hist 105 final makeup exam will be held this Wednesday, Jan. 21, at 15:00 in TB 310, for those students whose names have been officially declared in the registration page;

KÜBRA ATİK
GÖZDE ÖNDER
BERKER UĞUR
SERHAT YILMAZ

Please email Melek Cevahiroglu if you have any questions regarding the exam.

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR 2nd OBJECTION

2009-01-20T04:34:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

The objection date is arranged as below for those who want to see their final papers,

23th of January, Friday
starts at 2pm
at Cultural Heritage Museum

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR FINAL EXAM

2009-01-10T04:59:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

The Final exam will be held on January 12, on Monday, from 15:00 to 17:40 pm. Each student must take the exam in the assigned room. Those students whose names are not on the room list will not be admitted to the exam in that room.

MERYEM NERGİS ABDULAZİZ - PELİN ELİTOK (NH-301)
NURDAN EMANET- MELİSA ÖZÇAKIR (NH-305)
GÖZDE ÖZDEMİR- YASEMİN TURAN (NH- 201)
DERYA TURGUT- HÜSNA ZÜLFİKAR (NH- 203)

Good Luck!

31/12/08- THE GENGHISID WORLD EMPIRE

2009-01-09T00:32:00.000-08:00

Mongol rule and successor states, 13th, 14th centuries

1.
Mongol tribal confederacy under Genghis (Cengiz), the Great Khan, or Khagan (Hakan), 1206. Capital city: Karakorum

Conquests in China, Central Asia and Iran, Russia and Eastern Europe, Mesopotamia and Syria

Khanates:
* Golden Horde in Russia
* Ilkhans in Iran; Centered in Tabriz and Sultaniyya
(Sack of Baghdad, 1258)
* Mongol Yuan dynasty in China; Kubilai Khan (1260-1294);

Capital of the great khanate: Khanbalik (modern Beijing)
* Chagatai khanate

2.
Connections across Eurasia through the “Pax Mongolica”

Consolidation of global trade network; radical increase in volume of trade across Eurasia

Silk road, controlled and secured by the Mongol rule: creates space for the exchange of luxury goods, for cultural encounters between the Mediterranean and Asia, for the transfer of technology and science

Mongol decline renders land routes dangerous; explorations of sea routes to shape emerging early modern world

Timurid invasions, 1360’s - 1405

3.
Mongol legacy

Cultural eclecticism and inclusivism of Mongol rulers across Asia; east Asian cultural forms travel west. Appropriations of local cultural forms by newly established Mongol polities

Genghisid notions of world rule: to shape notions of world rule in the late medieval and early modern Turco-Persian world, in the Timurid, Ottoman, Mughal empires

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR FINAL REVIEW

2009-01-06T08:37:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

Hist 105 Review sessions will be held in the following hours:

January 7 Wednesday 15:00-18:00: NH401 (Melek Cevahiroglu and Banu Kaygusuz)

January 8 Thursday 15:00-18:00: NH105 (Umit Firat Acikgoz)

January 9 Friday 15:00-18:00: NH 102 (Ayse Tek Basaran and Ceren Abi)

Those of you who cannot make it to either of these sessions should get in touch with Seren Akyoldas (serenakyoldas@gmail.com), who has scheduled an extra session on 11th of Jan, Sunday between 11:00 and 15:00 in GKM.

29/12/08- MEDIEVAL CENTRAL ASIA: SUFIS, SAINTS & NOMADS

2009-01-06T08:27:00.000-08:00

Central Asia, Inner Asia, Central Eurasia
Khurasan, Transoxiana, Yeti-Su

Karluk tribe : Karakhanid Dynasty (mid-10th c. – 1202)
-Yeti-Su, Transoxiana
-Balasaghun, Kashgar, Samarkand, Bukhara

OGHUZ:

-migrated west in late 8th c.
-early 10th c. settled north of Samanid territories (around Aral Sea)
-985: Seljuk (an Oghuz army general) breaks away from Oghuz leadership
-late 10th c.: Oghuz conversions to Islam (“Turkmen”)

Great Seljuk Dynasty 1040-1194

Conversion to Islam by Turkic people in Central Asia:

-Influence of leadership on nomadic population
-conversion of “200,000 tents” in 960s following conversion of Karakhanid ruler Satuk Bughra Khan
Influence of Sufism (mystical Islam / tasawwuf)
-emphasis on personal visionary spiritual experience
-guidance of a spiritual master
-organization into orders (tarika)
-aim to gain experience-based knowledge of God
Yasawi order of Sufism
-after Shaykh Ahmad Yasawi, d. 1166
-supported by the Karakhanids

Kutadgu Bilig by Yusuf Khass Hajib of Balasaghun, 1069:
-long narrative poem (over 6600 lines)
-Introduces traditional Turkic and ancient Iranian concepts within the framework of mirror-for-princes

-Objective: to describe an ideal kingdom with just ruler, competent statesmen and happy subjects

Dialogue of 4 main characters as symbols of key concepts:

Kün Toghdı (“Rising Sun”) – King (justice)

Ay Toldı (“Full Moon”) – Minister (fortune)

Sons of Ay Toldı:

Ögdülmish (“Praised”) – Advisor (government)

Oghdurmısh (“Awakened”) – mystic (religion)

26/12/08- MEDIEVAL CHINESE SOCIETY & CULTURE

2009-01-06T08:05:00.000-08:00

Medieval China

•When speaking of medieval China, Stearns et. al. elucidate the accomplishments of the Tang and Song dynasties, while speaking of reunification and renaissance in Chinese civilization.

Further Interpretations:

•Rise and Fall Paradigm

•Order Disorder Paradigm: understanding cycles

•Universalism and Localism

Rise and Fall Paradigm:

•Historians in general speak of rise and fall, unification or glory of states and empires.

•Patricia Ebrey in her “epilogue” to Cambridge Illustrated History: China (1996:333) says: “When history is viewed from the western edge of Eurasia, the natural patterns seems to be for civilizations and empires to rise and wane.” [...]

“When history is viewed from the eastern edge of Eurasia, a very different pattern emerges as natural and normal. There is no sense that younger civilizations supplant aging ones, but that civilization progresses through a series of yin-yang-like reversals of direction from excessive disorder to excessive order and back again.”

Universalisim and Localism:

Looking from the perspective of Asian history, however, we can speak of universalist and localists

Universalist Periods in the First Millienium:

In the period between 200 BC to 200 AD we witness not only the rule of the first Chinese empire (Qin-Han dynasties) but also the rule of the Xiongnu in the north and the Roman empire in the west.

UniversaliSt Period Phase 2:

The second phase is between ca. 550-900. During this period we witness the rule of Sui (581-617) and Tang (618-907) dynasties in China, the Early Türk and the Uighurs in the steppe regions, and the Islamic and Byzantine empires in the west.

Localism (Phase 1): 220-550:

In the period between 200-550 many local dynasties rule all over Asia. There are too many actors, with different ethnic backgrounds. While western scholars concentrate more on the introduction of Buddhism to China, from the Chinese perspective this period is seen as a period of disunion and disorder.

Localism Phase 1 (200-550):

Therefore terms below are used for this period

Threee kingdoms

Six Dynasties
Southern and Northern Dynasties

Localism Phase 2 (900-1206):

The period between 900-1200 is full of actors. Song dynasty in China has been described as “China among Equals” by some historians. Again we have too many actors like the Khitan and the Jurchen, in the north, the Xixia in the west.

Universalist World Empire of the Mongols (1206- 1368):

The state and empire of Chinggis Khan (1206) brings an end to these alternating phases of universalism and localism in Asia.

These universalist empires were more inclusive, while the localist states were more exclusive. Each of the localist states –each being equal to the other-- were all living their own life and letting others live. Besides being exclusive and keeping to itself, the Song dynasty (960-1278) followed the patterns established by the Tang (618-907). This is why they are discussed together by Stearns et al.

The Tang as a representative of the universalist phase 2 in China (618-907):

•

Tang Taizong (627- 649) The second emperor, as the ideologue and organizer

The Tang capital Changan, (present Xi’an) with north-south orientation

Funerary complex of Taizong:
Zhaoling
Entrance in the the south, leading towards the “ultimate” in the north

Tang statesmen as well as important foreigners who recognized Tang rule were given a place in this funerary complex

Zhaoling, a view of the mountain

Taizong’s horses

Two cultures in interaction:

Funerary Inscriptions among the Early Türk & Funerary inscriptions in China

Epilog 1:

•In this universalist period the culture being inclusive there was room for everyone. The interaction of cultures brought about a new understanding, new forms and new tastes, in other words a new synthesis.

•In the following localist period, each actor cherished his/her own qualities and characteristics

Epilog 2:

•This was not a period of expansion. On the contrary each one lived by itself accepting the right of existence of the other.

•In the words of Morris Rossabi : Song China (960-1278) was among equals.

Continuity and Change in the Localist Period: The Song Dynasty

(960-1278)

I.Continuities

a.Improvement of patterns set by the Tang

1.urbanization

2.improvement of tools of political culture

i.domestic sphere

·bureaucracy

·examination system

ii.[foreign relations: a two sided rhetoric

·“China among equals” rhetoric for foreign consumption

·“Superiority of China and Chinese Civilization” for domestic consumption

iii. CRefinement in aesthetical patterns (see blow III.)

II.Changes

a.Shift from political to economic expansion

i.improvement and expansion of agrarian production

ii.expansion of commerce and artisan production

iii.expansion of sea trade

b.Shift from universalist spirituality to local philosophy

i.Revival of Confucian Thought

ii.Reinterpretation in literary criticism and historical scholarship: a renaissance

c.Reflections of this shift in spiritual and intellectual sphere to family and society : a society more inward looking

i.emphasis on hierarchy

ii.rise of mile dominance

iii.restrictions on women’s rights

·beginnings of the idea of women’s place is in husband’s home (in ancestral rituals

·foot binding

·beginnings of “no divorce” practices

·dowry also cannot be taken back home, contributes to the capital of husband’s family

III.Outstanding and Long lasting Accomplishments

·Refinement in the aesthetic sphere from Tang to Song, a continuous improvement of style and complexity of designs and techniques

·Refinement in Poetry

·Long lasting accomplishments in the literary and historical literature

·Invention of printing and spread of literacy

A comparison of universalist and localist patters in terms of international relations:

Crisis in Mid-Tang (753-759) was overcome with the help of foreigners, in this case the Uighurs (734-840).

·Cultural interaction created friends and allies rather than adversaries and enemies

· Localism emphasizing local values created the “other” which in many cases could be the enemy

· Today in People’s Republic of China, they are trying to ease out the “enemy” rhetoric from the textbooks by emphasizing “friendship of cultures.”

24/12/08- Medieval Encounters: Conflict and Coexistence 2

2008-12-25T06:15:00.000-08:00

Medieval Encounters: Conflict and Coexistence 2

Intellectual Development

Arabic translation movement (8-10th Centuries)
(Early Abbasid)

Latin translation movement (12-13th Centuries)
(Southern-Western Europe)

Caliph al-Mansur (r. 754-775)

Caliph Harun ar-Rashid (r. 786-809)

Caliph Al-Ma’mun (r. 813-833)

Channels for the transmission of Ancient knowledge:

Alexandria, Antioch, Tarsus, Harran (Sabians)

Sasanian (Zoroastrian) centers of Hellenistic learning
İn Persia

Syriac speaking Biblical centers:
Edessa (Urfa); Nisibis (Nizip); Mosul

Platonian idealism

Aristotelian logic and dialectic argument

Hikmah (philosophical wisdom)

Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (d. 1037)

“Kalām” (theological discussion)

Madrasa (Islamic college) 11th Century

Novel institutions of higher learning (12th century):

University / “universitas” (Bologna, Paris)

College (Sorbonne, Oxford)

Scholasticism

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1275)

22/12/08- Medieval Encounters: Conflict and Coexistence

2008-12-25T05:48:00.000-08:00

Medieval Encounters: Conflict and Coexistence

Medieval
Euro-Mediterranean World

“cultural symbiosis”

Damascus Great Mosque (8th Century)

Al-Andalus

“convivencia”
mozarabs
mudejar

The Euro-Mediterranean World c. 1100

Roger II, Norman King

Capella Palatina (Norman Sicily)

Roger II, Ceremonial Cloak (Norman Sicily)

19/12/09- Rise of Islam 4

2008-12-25T05:38:00.000-08:00

RISE OF ISLAM 4

Non-Muslim Communities in the Early Islamic World

Ahl al-dhimma (“Protected People”): dhimmi
-obliged to pay poll tax (jizya) and land tax (kharaj)
-allowed to practice and organize own religion
-dhimmi women allowed to marry Muslim men (but not vice-versa); children would be Muslim
-conversion of Muslims not permitted
-allowed to hold positions in administration
-generally held to be inferior in social standing to Muslims

Who were the ahl al-dhimma?

Ahl al-kitab (“People of the Book”)

1. Jews (Banu Isra’il, Yahud)
-isra’iliyyat (stories about Hebrew prophets and Biblical figures)

2. Christians (Nasara / Nasrani: “from Nazareth”): Monophysites, Chalcedonians, Nestorians
-monasticism
-transmission of ancient Greek learning

Extension of ahl al-kitab (and dhimmi) status:
1. Zoroastrians (Majus – “Magians”)
-dualist religion
-written scriptures (Avesta)
2. Sabians (Sabi’un)
a. Judeo-Christian baptising sects esp. in Iraq
b. Pagan star-worshippers of Harran

Manicheaism (zandaqa; zindiq):
-not included among the ahl al-dhimma
-dualist teachings of 3rd c. prophet Mani
-zandaqa came to mean “heresy”
-repressed and persecuted

Page from a Qur’an manuscript, probably Iraq, 9th c., parchment

Kufic script

Translation movement:
-began under Abbasid caliph al-Mansur
-continued for some 200 years
-inspired by Sasanian imperial ideology
-Bayt al-hikma (“House of Wisdom”) in Baghdad
-initially translations from Pahlavi (Middle Persian)
-later translations from Greek

Subjects covered by the Translation Movement (750-950):
-Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)
-Entire field of Aristotelian philosophy
-metaphysics -ethics -logic -physics -zoology -botany
-Health sciences (medicine, pharmacology, veterinary science)
-Occult sciences: (magic, alchemy, astrology)

Revival of the Persian literary in the 10th c.:
Samanid dynasty (819-1005):
-Iranian aristocratic family
-establish a state in Eastern Iran and Central Asia

capital Bukhara

-active sponsorship of learning and New Persian literature (esp. poetry)
-translations from Arabic into Persian
-Shahnama (“Book of Kings”)
– Persian national epic of the pre-Islamic Iranian kings by the poet Firdawsi: highly influential text for later Iranian and Turkish societies.

17/12/08- Rise of Islam 3

2008-12-17T12:31:00.000-08:00

RISE OF ISLAM 3

Political Fragmentation and Disunity in the Islamic World

Abbasid Revolution 749-50
Al-Andalus: first breakaway province: Umayyad state

Political fragmentation of the Islamic world in the 9th c.

Khariji movement:
-begins with opposition to ‘Ali regarding the decision to arbitrate over the punishment of ‘Uthman’s assassins
-responsible for the assassination of ‘Ali in 661
-first definite dissent and division in the Islamic community
(kharijis: “those who went out”)
-emphasis on egalitarian and morally puritannical leadership

Ibadi movement:
-later development from the Kharijis
-formed groups of opposition to the Abbasids in N. Africa among native Berber people
Rustamid dynasty (761-909)
-anti-Abbasid independent state
-conceived as a “correction” to past and present Islamic states

Sect: a dissenting or schismatic religious group, sometimes considered extreme or heretical by opponents… (sectarian, sectarianism)
Shi‘a: party or faction
Shi‘at ‘Ali: party (supporters) of ‘Ali and ‘Alids
Shi‘i: a member of Shi‘at ‘Ali
‘Alid: a descendent of ‘Ali

Genealogy of the Shi‘i imamate

Principles of the Shi‘i imamate as developed in the 8th c.:

-divinely-guided

-sovereign in religious and political terms

-keeper of authority and secret knowledge for the interpretation of the Qur’an, hadith, law

-free from sin and error (infallibility)

-explicity designated by his predecessor (nass)

-a necessary institution

Divisions within Shi’ism:

- “Fiver” / Zaydi
- “Sevener”/Isma‘ili
- “Twelver” / Imami

Fatimids:
-‘Ubayd Allah claims to be the manifestation (zuhur) of the Hidden Imam :took the title al-Mahdi
-909: Declaration of the Fatimid Caliphate (title: amir al-mu’minin) in N. Africa: ideological and military challenge to the Abbasids
-969: Conquest of Egypt

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR OBJECTION

2008-12-16T10:11:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

The objection date is arranged as below for those who want to see their midterm papers,

19th of December, Friday
between 15:00-17:00
at Cultural Heritage Museum

15/12/08- Rise of Islam 2

2008-12-16T09:47:00.000-08:00

RISE OF ISLAM 2

Succession to the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (632)—possible choices:
- ‘Ali (cousin and son-in-law) ?
-Ansar (supporters from Medina) ?
-Muhajirun (emigrants from Mecca) ?

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (“Rashidun”):

Abu Bakr (632-34)
‘Umar (634-44)
‘Uthman (644-56)
‘Ali (656-61)

imam = supreme leader of the Muslim community (umma)
imama = supreme leadership, imamate

khalifa (“deputy”) = caliph
khilafa = caliphate
amir al-mu’minin (“commander of the faithful”) = caliph

misr / amsar (garrison town/s): Kufa, Basra, Fustat, Kairawan

diwan: register of Arab soldiers
sabiqa: social priority based on the time of conversion to Islam, used to determine salaries of soldiers, etc.

ahl al-dhimma: “protected people” (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) living in conquered lands
dhimmi: a member of the ahl al-dhimma
jizya: poll tax on dhimmis

mawla (pl. mawali): non-Arab (Muslim) clients of Arab tribes

First Civil War (656-661)

-Assassination of ‘Uthman after an uprising in Kufa (656)
-‘Ali became 4th caliph

-Unresolved issue of the punishment of ‘Uthman’s assassins fueled the First Civil War

- ‘Ali challenged by Mu’awiya (governor of Syria)

‘Ali agreed to arbitration on issue of punishment

- Assassination of ‘Ali (661); Mu’awiya became caliph

Mu’awiya:

-governor of Syria

-member of Banu Umayya clan

-became caliph in 661

-established the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)

Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
-capital: Damascus

‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705):

-ended the Second Civil War in 692 by force

-administrative reforms to create a centralized empire
-Arabic as official language

-monetary reforms

-establishment of a state with all necessary institutions

‘Abd al-Malik’s monetary reform:
-central issues
-standard weight
-inscriptions instead of images

Dinar (gold coin): 696-7
Dirham (silver coin): 698-9

Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), built in 691-2 on the site of the old Jewish Temple (destroyed prior to Islam)

Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)
Conquest of Central Asia
Conquest of Spain

Great Mosque of Damascus, begun 705/6 by Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)

Problems faced by the Umayyads in the 8th c.:

1. Dissatisfaction of the Shi’is regarding the basis of Umayyad power (believed to be illegitimate)
2. Resentment against Syria from the provinces
Resentment against Arabs by non-Arabs

749: Abbasid Revolution (led by descendents of the Prophet’s uncle ‘Abbas)
750: Establishment of Abbasid Caliphate
-new capital established by caliph al- Mansur-- Baghdad

05/12/08- Rise of Islam 1

2008-12-16T09:25:00.000-08:00

RISE OF ISLAM-1

Islamic World (“Dar al-Islam”) up to the 9th c.
Late Antiquity
3rd to 7th centuries:
Byzantine and Sasanian Empire

Christianity, 4th – 5th c.

-Debates over the true nature of Jesus Christ (Human? Divine? Both?)
-3 main Christological positions:

-Nestorian: Human nature
-Nestorian Church (Iraq, Iran and Asia)

-Monophysite: Divine nature
-Eastern Christian Churches [Armenian, Syrian, Coptic (Egyptian)]

-Chalcedonian: Both natures united in one person
-Orthodox Church (official church of the Byz. Empire)

Sasanian Empire: 221-651
-capital: Ctesiphon
-wars with Byzantine Empire: 602-28
Dualist religions(cosmic struggle between good and evil deities):

Zoroastrianism
-teachings of Zoroaster (11th c. BC)
-state religion of the Sasanian Empire
-Ahura Mazda (supreme god, principle of good)
-Ahriman (deity responsible for evil)

Manicheism
-teachings of Mani (3rd c.)
-universal message, drawing on Christianity, Zoroastrianism, etc.
-conflict between good and evil
-missionary activities in Iran, Central Asia and Inner Asia

•Arabian society in the 6th c.

-pastoralists
-agriculturalists
-merchants

•Tribal customs instead of government
•Arabic as common language

Mecca, 19th c. view of the Haram (“holy site”) with the Ka’ba in the center

Lineage of the Prophet Muhammad

Tribe: Quraysh
Clan: Banu Hashim
570: birth
610: first revelation

622: hijra (emigration) to Medina (Yathrib)
-emergence of the Muslim community (umma)
-Constitution of Medina
-struggles against Mecca (until 630)

Ka‘ba, Haram of Mecca

Revelation of the Qur’an, 610-632:

First Revelation:

Recite (iqra’): In the name of your Lord who created
Created mankind from a clot of blood.

Recite: And your Lord is most generous
He who instructed with the pen
Instructed mankind what he knew not.

(Opening verses of Chapter 96)

Q – R – ‘ (root)
 iqra‘ : recite, read (imperative)
 Qur’an : recitation

Central message of the Qur’an:

God (Allah):
-almighty, all-knowing, eternal, omnipresent Creator
-transcendent (no associates in any form)
-One (doctrine of tawhid: Unity of God)
-merciful and compassionate
Bismillah al-rahman al-rahim (basmala)

MIDTERM GRADES

2008-12-14T13:30:00.000-08:00

HIST 105 Fall/ 2008
MIDTERM GRADES

Öğrenci No ?/100
2007200300 72
2007100292 69
2008680127 26
2005103232 70
2007104264 61
2008207144 103
2008209084 90
2007103319 79
2007100610 75
2007101180 75
2005102629 68
2007103307 52
2005102170 90
2007102842 49
2007102770 55
2007100076 52
2007101654 66
2007103940 67
2007100424 71
2006100334 83
2007200124 55
2006101327 78
2007100154 86
2007103607 17
2007103088 63
2004100580 57
2006102785 50
2007100529 50
2003100025 64
2008300258 56
2008302195 63
2007104000 82
2006101579 75
2006104489 88
2007103694 82
2007104009 72
2007100130 101
2007102935 78
2007103760 63
2006100136 60
2007103268 75
2005200069 55
2007300061 98
2006102794 84
2007100250 56
2007101345 93
2007102521 63
2006101804 55
2008301096 74
2006100067 58
2007101927 62
2007102590 99
2004100046 14
2006102674 22
2007101987 87
2007100697 70
2007103976 94
2007100883 90
2006100205 91
2005101753 82
2005102599 75
2006102437 27
2004100019 52
2008110150 64
2007104387 88
2007104261 53
2008302123 88
2006104927 37
2007200327 68
2005300099 76
2007104378 41
2005101066 48
2007102017 72
2004100883 79
2007102065 80
2006100307 66
2007101645 71
2006103865 90
2007103613 77
2007104354 51
2005101390 69
2006104789 24
2007100112 51
2006101252 43
2007104414 66
2007104372 63
2007104375 73
2006101690 38
2004103085 44
2001102023 66
2007102728 46
2007100247 63
2006103739 78
2005103739 67
2007100703 47
2006103508 58
2007100772 73
2005103541 87
2005102362 81
2007103649 86
2007101126 53
2006102710 21
2007101492 68
2004100301 6
2007200330 63
2007101909 62
2007102671 51
2007103538 68
2005103943 84
2008300243 88
2007103247 35
2006102398 88
2006000001 89
2004200047 49
2006104891 48
2007100874 74
2007200145 53
2006104426 71
2007101966 73
2006104747 55
2007101003 76
2007103073 74
2006100823 76
2006104810 91
2003100793 60
2007103202 71
2006102143 54
2005100232 62
2005102338 24
2007100568 48
2006104012 61
2006100487 68
2007101852 53
2007103880 47
2007100418 71
2007104288 67
2007100838 90
2007103445 34
2006200330 47
2007103688 79
2007103133 97
2007102038 15
2007101429 81
2007104051 86
2005104444 55
2008302234 77
2004103757 68
2005100271 16
2007101264 45
2006100328 83
2005102458 37
2008300141 102
2007100298 38
2007100361 63
2008302213 76
2007101051 94
2006101120 51
2006101534 93
2007100670 83
2005100775 30
2007101687 85
2004200051 28
2007103784 60
2006100574 85
2008302060 58
2005102929 70
2007104186 22
2005100139 58
2007103754 70
2007103157 89
2007102275 48
2005102410 78
2006103097 34
2007101525 75
2006103160 59
2008208030 72
2007100832 80
2003102932 41
2005102986 46
2006104480 55
2008302183 76
2007103517 77
2007102752 36
2007100739 78
2007102413 46
2007100100 78
2004100085 66
2008302003 75
2005103850 60
2007103328 53
2007103058 63
2007101828 59
2007102704 51
2007200148 59
2006000100 69
2008208051 54
2006100940 79
2007103712 65
2007100778 70
2006104777 83
2007101816 56
2007103772 61
2007102902 75
2005100967 56
2007101804 71
2006103235 73
2007103292 66
2005101318 56
2007101420 88
2007104060 86
2007101315 90
2008209147 39
2007101438 60
2006104423 35
2007102914 79
2007103391 70
2008302159 90
2003100619 48
2006100970 81
2007101252 98
2007100379 64
2008207000 101
2007100223 44
2006104153 58
2007104213 33
2006102167 55
2007100688 69
2008301297 65
2007103082 71
2007100532 48
2007103403 82
2007101726 58
2007103052 83
2007101276 55
2007102734 55
2006102455 61
2007102263 63
2006100793 46
2006104312 76
2006103034 72
2007103331 54
2003102584 51
2007103925 42
2004100373 79
2006102284 81
2006104585 86
2007100850 56
2007103160 60

Arithmetic Mean: 64

P.s.: Make-up results will be announced soon.

03/12/08- Feudalism in Japan

2008-12-03T11:16:00.000-08:00

HIST 105- FALL 2008
FEUDALISM IN JAPAN: Rise of Samurai Class

Christianity in Japan

First Map depicting Japan

Japanese version of world map

Feudalism in Medieval Europe:

A term first used in early Modern period (17th century)
> Latin word feodum (=fief)
Medieval Europe political system
Reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility
Lord, vassals and fiefs

"Feudalism" in Japan (1):

“Feudalism” as translation of land system in ancient China: “Houken” system
Zhou dynasty (1046BCE-256BCE): lands symbolically given to the aristocrats by the ruler, no obligation for military service
Qin dynasty (778BCE-206BCE): unified China and established the centralized system (Shi Hunang)

“Feudalism” in Japan (2):

“Feudalism” as translation of Medieval European political system: “Houken” system
“Feudalism” as translation of Early Modern Japanese social-economic system: “Houken” system

Debate on the existence of “Feudalism” in Japan during the 1950’s-60’s1):

Starts with the establishment of Kamakura period (1185)
Starts gradually in Nambokuchô period (14th century)
Starts with the results of national cadastral survey (1580-90’s) by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
No “Feudalism” exists in Japan

The Rise of the Shôen:

After the Taika Reforms and Taihô Code (702):
Redistribution of the land every 6 years--> 12 years (834) -->not effective -->Land owners: local magnates, Buddhist monasteries, court aristocrats, high government officials
Reclamation of wastelands --> 734 government agreed to permit permanent ownership
Shôen: freedom from taxation -->The right to deny government officials of agents entrance to their estates.

limited to monastic and shrine lands
Privileges without any official sanction to many owners of estates

Distribution of Shôen (8-10th centuries)
Later development of Shôen (12-13th centuries)

The Emergence of the Warrior Class (Samurai):

Decline of the central government
Police and military power-->hands of the local magnates
792 necessary military forces by local governors

Establishment and Supremacy of the Taira clans:

1167 Kiyomori appointed to dajô daijin (chancellor)…virtual dictator
Governorships of 30 provinces, over 500 shôen
Commerce with Sung China…building the port of Hyogo
Ruling through the imperial court in cooperation with the cloistered emperor
“If one is not a Taira, one is not a human being”
“The Tale of the Heike”

Establishment of Kamakura Bakufu鎌倉幕府 (Tent Government) 1185:

Seated in Kamakura 鎌倉 by Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1185
Removed all potential rivals: all the important members of the Taira family, his own brother Yoshitsune, his non-in law, half-brother Noriyori
Obtained imperial sanctions for all his policies and decrees
1185 assumed the position of supreme constable and supreme land steward of all 66 provinces
Proprietary rights over the lands her formerly held in Kantô region: appointed the governors from among his followers
Acquired the lands formerly held by the Tairas (500 shôen)
1192 Yoritomo was appointed seiitaishôgun (Supreme General): official military commander-in-chief

Bakufu (tent government) administrative system:

Not to replace the imperial government in Kyoto
To manage the Minamoto’s “family” affairs:

1) Office of Samurai:promotions and demotions fo the samurai
2) Administrative office:managed administrative, legislative, and lega affaires
3)Court of Appeals: judical bord to settle civil disputes --> employed members of the Kyoto aristocracy

The constables and the land stewards守護と地頭:

The constables: military and police authority
When summoned by the shôgun, duty to come to his aid with his warriors
The land stewards: (at first) authorized to collect taxes from all the estates whether public or private
(after the opposition by the Shôen owners in Kyoto) tax-collecting power was limited to public domains
Gradually increased their authority over the Shôen not owned by Kamakura-> By the end of Kamakura period many of them acquired proprietary rights over the Shôen
…emergence of a new landholding class

The Jôei Code 御成敗式目（貞永式目）1232:

The first code by the Warrior’s class
Issued by Hôjô Yasutoki 北条泰時(1183-1242)
Customary practices governed the relationships among the the military elements (rather a set of guidelines of jurists)
Consisting of 51 articles customary law, property rights, land tenure, inheritance, duties and functions of officials, criminal punishments
Right of women to inherit property and serve as vassals
Three categories of people: Samurai, commoners and slaves
Established a basis for the feudal laws and practices of subsequent period
Yasutoki’s another achievement: Establishment of a council of state (1226) consisted of 11 important military chieftains

“Feudalism” in Japan (3):

Reciprocal military obligations between warlords (shôgun) and vassals
“On (favors)” and services (12th century)
Authorized right of tax collecting
Gradually acquired the authorities
Emergence of a new landholding class and military leaders: daimyô (15th century)
Baku-han system in Edo period (1603-1868)
Daimyôs as vassals of shôgun

Mongol Invasions:

1274 against northern Kyushu: center of Sino-Japan trades
1281 second attack with a force of 140,000 men: Seven weeks of fighting
Results: 1- Successfully repelled 2- No fruits for the victory-->no reward for the services

6th MOVIE

2008-12-02T01:27:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

You are all invited to the screening of a short documentary film on Byzantium. The film crew will also be there for those of you who would like to meet them. We are hoping that this will constitute a good supplementary to your lectures on Byzantium.

"Byzantium: The Common Root ( originally: Bizancio: la raíz común )"

Produced by the Pangea Foundation of Spain

Year: 2008

Duration: 45 min.

Ibrahim Bodur Oditorium

OnDecember 3rd, 2008, Wednesday

At 16:00

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR MAKEUP

2008-11-27T01:54:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

Hist 105 midterm makeup exam will be held this Friday, Nov. 28, at 17:00 in New Hall 403.

Please email Melek Cevahiroglu if you have any questions regarding the exam.

5th MOVIE

2008-11-27T01:51:00.000-08:00

'Crusades: Terry Jones Tells the Dramatic Story of Battle for Holy Land' will be screened

on November 28, 2008, on Friday,
at 17:00 in GKM Ayhan Sahenk Hall.

If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center

21/11/08- Decline of Byzantine Empire

2008-11-24T13:20:00.000-08:00

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (303- 1453)

Outline (Lecture-4)

Decline of Byzantine

1.New external challenges in the mid-11th century: Normans and Seljuks
2.Rise of the crusading movement
3.The Fourth Crusade and the Latin capture of Constantinople (1203/4)
4.Restoration of Constantinople to Byzantine rule (1261)
5.Byzantium as an Ottoman vassal (ca. 1371/2)
6.The fall of Constantinople (1453)
7.Concluding remarks

Vocabulary and Dates (Lecture-4)

Venice / Pisa / Genoa
kommerkion / commercium
Komnenian dynasty (1081-1185)
pronoia
Norman capture of Bari (1071)
Battle of Manzikert/Malazgirt (1071)
Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118)
First Crusade (1095-1098) / Pope Urban II
Anna Komnena’s Alexiad
Fourth Crusade (1203/4)
Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)
Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1261-1282)
Palaiologan dynasty (1261-1453)
Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (1391-1425)
Monastery of Chora (Kariye) / Theodore Metochites
Gennadios Scholarios, Greek Orthodox Patriarch under Mehmed II

17/11/08- From the Iconoclastic Controversy to the Great Schism: Christianity Divides

2008-11-20T11:25:00.000-08:00

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1453)

Outline (Lecture 3)

From the Iconoclastic Controversy to the Great Schism: Christianity Divides

-Period of Iconoclasm (726-843)

2-Conflicts with the Papacy:
- Pope’s coronation of Charlemagne as “Roman Emperor” (800)
- The Great Schism (1054)

3-The Macedonian dynasty (867-1059):
- Military victories (esp. against Arabs & Bulgars)
- Conversion of Russia and Serbia to Orthodox Christianity
- Growing power of the landowning military aristocracy, etc.

Vocabulary & Dates (Lecture 3)

Iconoclasm (726-843)
Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741)
icon / idolatry / iconoclast vs. iconodule (=iconophile)
Franks
Coronation of Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III (800)
Great Schism (1054)
Macedonian dynasty (867-1059)
Emperor Basil II Bulgaroktonos (“Bulgar-slayer”)(r. 976-1025)
Baptism of Prince Vladimir of Kiev (988)
Cyril and Methodius

2nd ANNOUNCEMENT FOR MIDTERM

2008-11-16T06:08:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

The Midterm will be held on November 19, from 17:00 to 18:30 pm. Each student must take the exam in the assigned room. Those students whose names are not on the room list will not be admitted to the exam in that room.

MERYEM NERGİS ABDULAZİZ - PELİN ELİTOK (NH-301)
NURDAN EMANET- MELİSA ÖZÇAKIR (NH-305)
GÖZDE ÖZDEMİR- YASEMİN TURAN (NH- 201)
DERYA TURGUT- HÜSNA ZÜLFİKAR (NH- 203)

17/10/08- Greeks & the Barbarians

2008-11-16T05:58:00.000-08:00

GREEKS & BARBARIANS

Cultural Exchange in the Ancient World:

Definition:
Greeks, the peoples that were sharing a common Greek culture, religion and language. As barbarians were defined by the Greeks all the others.

Construction of the identity and meeting with the “other”.

A period of transition:
After the Bronze Age, between the 11th and the 9th centuries B.C., the image of the Eastern Mediterranean world changes dramatically. Great Mycenaean palaces and cities were destroyed and abandoned. In a comparable way the Hittite empire disintegrates progressively after 1180 into smaller “Neo-Hittite” cities-states, big cities are destroyed. This time of changes, in the Greek history has been called “the Dark Ages” by earlier scholarship, considered as a transition to the Archaic and Classical periods. It is believed that the Trojan War, and the destruction of Troy, narrated in Homer’s (ca. 9th-8th c. B.C.) Illiad and Odyssey, are sort of myth-historical records of the events that took place during the Dark Ages around the Aegean. The returning journey of many Greek kings and heroes, after Troy, and their adventures when they passed by or ended up to a foreign land, are regarded as reflecting the beginning of the colonization of the Mediterranean.
In the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. the phenomenon of the Greek colonization reached its peak. Meeting, technical and artistic exchanges, influences, appropriations of people, methods and patterns. Oriental influences in Greek religion and art (pottery and sculpture).

What does the notion of barbarian say about both barbarians and Greeks?

Polarization, cultural identity and otherness:
After the Greco-Persian Wars, in the first half of the 5th century B.C., the word barbarian is often used expressly to mean Persian, with a clear pejorative connotation. Greeks see themselves as superior militarily, politically, and culturally.

However there were important reactions against this polarization:
Herodotus, in the well-known opening sentence of his account of that Persian war, gives the following statements as his reason for writing: “To the end that (...) the works, great and marvellous, which have been produced some by Hellenes and some by Barbarians, may not lose their renown; and especially that the causes may be remembered for which these waged war with one another.” This clearly implies equality: both Hellenes (Greeks) and barbarians are capable of producing "great and marvellous works" and both are worth of being remembered.

Plato also rejected the Greek–barbarian dichotomy as an obvious logical absurdity:
Dividing the world into Greeks and non-Greeks told one nothing about the second group. In Aeschylus’ tragedy ‘Persians’, composed short time after the Greek-Persian war, one can see a strikingly sympathetic view to the troubles of the defeated Persians. The lament of the Persian women, included in the play, may be seen as a remarkable deconstruction of this polarization.
Nevertheless one has to keep in mind that these critical positions did not really reflect the common Greek attitude towards foreign civilizations and cultures. The ancient Greeks were occasionally intrigued by the customs and religions of the many different peoples with whom they came into contact, but more often they were disdainful or dismissive, tending to regard non-Greeks as at best inferior, and at worst candidates for conquest and enslavement. Facing up to this less attractive aspect of the classical tradition is essential to seeing both what the ancient world was really like and the full nature of its legacy in modern times.

References:
- Martin Bernal, Black Athena: the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization, London 1991 (1st ed.:1987).
- Greeks and Barbarians, ed. by Thomas Harrison, New York 2002.

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR MIDTERM

2008-11-16T05:50:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

The midterm will include the first two lectures of Byzantine Empire, you will not be asked about the lecture on 17th of November, on Monday.

14/11/08- Byzantine Empire- from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages

2008-11-16T05:43:00.000-08:00

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1453)

Outline (Lecture-2)

Byzantine Society from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages

1-Byzantine imperial ideology & concept of imperial authority

2-The age of Justinian I (r. 527-565):
- Wars of reconquest in the West
- Codification of Roman law
- Hagia Sophia and other building projects
- Nika riot (532)
- Justinianic plague (542)

3-Consequences and aftermath of Justinian’s reign

4-The 7th-century transformation of Byzantium from a late antique into a medieval society

Vocabulary & Dates (Lecture 2):

Charlemagne
Justinian I (r. 527-565) / Theodora (Justinian’s wife)
Empress Irene (r. 797-802) / Empress Zoe (11th c.)
Tribonian
Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”)=Justinian’s Code
Nika riot (532)
basilica vs. domed church
Sassanids of Persia
Emperor Heraclius (r. 610-641)
polis (“city”)
theme system (thema / pl. themata)

12/11/08- The Byzantine Empire- From Constantine the Great to the Age of Justinian

2008-11-16T05:41:00.000-08:00

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1453)

Outline (Lecture-1):

The Byzantine Empire: from Constantine the Great to the Age of Justinian

1-Preliminary remarks about the Byzantine Empire, a bridge between Antiquity and the Middle Ages

2-Terminology: “Byzantine Empire” is a later term introduced by German humanists in the 16th cent. The Byzantines considered themselves “Romans” and called their state the “Empire of the Romans”

3-The age of Constantine the Great (r. 306/324-337):
- The foundation of Constantinople
- Nature and meaning of Constantine’s conversion to Christianity

4-Transformation of Christianity from a tolerated, legitimate religion into the official state religion between the reigns of Constantine I and Theodosius I – Co-existence of Christianity and paganism in the early Empire

5-Different balance of state-church relations in Byzantium and in medieval Europe

Vocabulary & Dates (Lecture 1):

Byzantine Empire (330-1453)
Byzantion
Konstantinoupolis = “Constantine’s city” = Constantinople
Emperor Constantine I (r. 306/324-337)
Foundation and dedication of Constantinople (330)
Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305)
Nikomedeia (mod. İzmit)
Edict of Milan (313)
Hagia Sophia / Hagia Eirene / church of the Holy Apostles
Acropolis / pagan temples dedicated to Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite etc.
Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379-395)
Emperor Julian the Apostate (r. 361-363)
sol invictus (“the invincible sun”, title used for the sun-god Apollo)
polytheism / monotheism
Patriarch of Constantinople
First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea (325)

10/11/08- Faith in the Mediterranean World & the Rise of Christianity

2008-11-16T05:36:00.000-08:00

FAITH IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Lecture Outline:

1. Two main religions in the Mediterranean before the apparition of Christianity: the Greco-Roman religion and the Jewish religion.
2. “Oriental” influences in Greco-Roman religion. Mithraism (Mithraea, decorated by frescoes from 2nd-3rd c.). Tendency towards mysticism.
3. Neo-Platonism: a metaphysical problematic (3rd c.).
4. Christ. Teaching of love, abolishment of social privileges, justice. Consideration to the poor and the helpless.
5. Texts: Old and New Testament (The Gospels, the Apocalypse of John, the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles).
6. The contribution of Paul to the spreading of the new religion out of the Jewish communities. Foundation of churches.
7. Numerous persecutions of the Christians, esp. during the emperors Nero, Decius, Diocletian. Martyrs – heroes.
8. By the 4th c. A.D., about 10% of the population of the Roman Empire was Christian.
9. Religious policies of Constantine and Theodosian I.
10. 3rd-4th c.: the monasticism, born in Egypt, starts to develop in Syria and then in Palestine and Anatolia (see Peter Brown). The holy man.

Vocabulary, names and dates:

ca. 30 A.D.: crucifixion of Christ.
ca. 35 A.D.: conversion of Paul.
65 A.D.: decapitation of Paul, during Nero
Preaching of an eternal life, peace, love, equity, justice.
Catacombs of Rome
Eucharist (the main Christian ritual, consisting on the transformation of bread and wine to body and blood of Christ, which, consumed by the faithful, signify communion to Christ’s sacrifice. After the 4th century Eucharist became the core of the liturgy, or Mass).
Plotinus, Augustine, Boethius
Symeon Stylites (+ 459)
Monasticism, holy man, Late Antiquity
Syncretism (blending of beliefs and practices of two or more religious systems)

Constantine (306-337):
313: the edict of Milan.
325: 1st General Council (Nicaea I), in Isnik.
330: Inauguration of Constantinople.
337: Constantine’s baptism.

Theodosius I (378-395):
381: 2nd General Council (Constantinople)
391: Edicts against paganism
392: destruction of the gigantic Serapeum of Alexandria (the biggest temple of its time) and of its library.
393: last Olympic Games

Reference: Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom, 2003.

05/11/08- Roman Empire

2008-11-05T09:59:00.000-08:00

ROMAN EMPIRE (27 B.C – end of 2nd century A.D)

Augustan Reforms:

His power base:

Proconsular power
Tribunician poweR

His reforms:

in the senate
in the administration
in the army
in social morals

The Roman Emperors:

14 A.D.-69 A.D. (Julio-Claudian dynasty): such as Nero

69-96 (the Flavian dynasty): Vespasian, Titus, Domitian

96-180 (‘Good Emperors’): Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius

Expansion of Rome:

Walls of Rome:

Curia (city council) Curia of Rome: the Senate

Roman Cities

Roman Gods:

Household worship
‘Official’ roman gods
Imperial cult
Mystery cults/ Christianity

ISIS

4th MOVIE

2008-11-03T14:34:00.000-08:00

'GLADIATOR' will be screened

on 7th of November, 2008, on Friday,
at 17:00, in GKM Ayhan Şahenk Hall.

If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center or multimedia center at library.

03/11/08- Roman Kingdom & Roman Republic

2008-11-03T09:07:00.000-08:00

ROME

DAY 1
Kingly period (8th century B.C.-508 B.C.)
Republic (508–27 B.C.)

DAY 2
Empire (27 B.C – end of 2nd century A.D)

DAY 3
Crisis in the Empire in the 3rd century, and the Roman Legacy

Emphasis on:
1. expansion
2. effects of the expansion on the political system

Early Roman people:
1.Sabines, Samnites, Latins.
2. Etruscans, Greeks.

The Regolini Galassi Tomb:

Roman kingdom:

A monarchy (king and a council of nobles)
almost a caste system (Patricians versus Plebians)

Roman Republic:
(after Struggle of Orders)

Executive:

2 Consuls + other officials (such as proconsul, dictator)
Directed government and army.

Aristocratic:

Senate
Could pass laws,
Controlled foreign affairs.

Democratic:

People’s assemblies such as Plebian Council
Approved/rejected laws,
Tribune could veto actions of executive officials.

Italy during the Decline of Etruscan League and the Rise of Rome 380 BC:

Punic Wars & Macedonian Wars:

Site of Carthage:

Attempts to Reform:

Tiberius Gracchus
Gauis Gracchus
Julius Caesar

Death of Julius Caesar, by Vincenzo Camuccini:

The Triumvirate:

1- Octavian (Augustus)
2- Mark Antony
3- Lepidus

Agustos Reforms:

His power base: proconsular imperium and tribunician power.

His reforms: in the senate, in the administration, in the army.

31/10/08- Belief Systems & the Philosophy in China

2008-11-03T09:02:00.000-08:00

BELIEF SYSTEMS AND PHILOSOPHY IN CHINA

. At the beginning, everybody has access to superior being(s) ShangDi.
. Later, access was severed and only those who controlled the access to Heaven had the wisdom and authority to rule. In other words, rulers controlled access to Heaven.

SHANG KINGS 2000-1100 BC:
. They were like shamans
. Brother to brother succession
. Not a complete centralization
. Supported by vassals
. Situated in the East around Anyang

. Bronze vessels signifying the importance of shamans, priests, diviners and divination related rituals are symbols of Shang rulers.

ZHOU by 1100:
. Arrived from the West to the East
. Settled near the Yellow River and at the Wei River near present Xian.
. Bronze vessels lost their importance as the Shi class gained importancephilosoph
. Rise of Philosophy

Three Center became important:
Before 1100 BCE Anyang in the further east (near present Shandong)
1100- 770 - Xian (Changan) in the west
770- 400 Loyang to the east of Xian (Changan)

Rise of Philosophy:
Dao Dejing by Laozi translated as “Classic of the Way and of Virtue”
. (600 BCE or 3oo BCE)
. a philosophy incorporating native religious traditions

Daoism:
. uses female images for creative power
. Dao Dejing (The Classic of the Way and the Virtue) says¨“Being indicates the mother of 10000 things”; thereby it gives creative powers to the female.
. it advocates harmony and equality of all opposites including male and female
.The principle of Yin-Yang symbolizes these opposites; yin is dark, cold, female, moon; yang is light, hot, male, the sun (remember the equality of opposites)
o Women, water play a significant role in Daosim
o Being weak and the strategy of the weak are methods employed
o Not striving is a virtue
. All this is very significant as Daoism developed within the extremely patriarchal culture of Confucian China.

Confucianism:
Confucius lived in Shangdong in the East/ Kingdom of Lu
. 6th century BC
. believed bringing order into the chaos and in virtuous rulers.
. Hierarchy is introduced into the opposites Ying-Yang)/ Yang becomes more important
. 5 relations (four hierarchical relations: ruler-subject; father-son; husband-wife; elder brother-younger brother and one among peers friend-friend)
o women’s subordination
o women were expected to show three obediences: father/ husband/ son
. a philosophy emphasizes;
o education
o self-cultivation
o filial piety- ancestor worship & rituals
o virtue
o refined gentleman
-Confucian teachings have been handed down in what is known as Chinese Classics which became the basis of the examination system

Qin and Han Dynasties:
Qin and Han Dynasties:
. Qin was anti-Confucian, while Han was pro-Confucian
. None were Daoist in their state policy
. All ideas and trends converged into ONE in the state philosophy:
The STATE being ONE centralized entity
incorporated Confucianism
Daoism/ Ying-Yang & other earlier symbols
By the 7th- 8th century Confucianism was part of State Law

Chinese wordview as exemplified in the story of Lady Wenji:
The concept of all under Heaven signifies that a ruler should achieve Harmony All under Heaven, that is to achieve harmony between China and the Foreigners.

Foreigners and China were oppposites like yin and yang. In fact foreigners were regarded as yin while China was yang. In the following story of Cai Wenji (about 195 AD) the following aspects are being emphasized

. Superiority of Chinese civilization over the other cultures (superiority of yang over yin)
. Irreconcilability of the different ways of life
. Fate
. Confucian concept of loyalty to one’s ancestral family and State . Before the 10th century A.D. woemen’s spirit was seen as conected to the natal home; divorce was possible, and women couşld take their dowry back. After the 10thcentury women started to become attached (spiritually) to their husband’s home; divorce was not an alternative anymore. Instead virtuous widows were praissed.

yin is darkness yang is light

27/10/08- Rice Culture, Communual Life & Confucian State in China

2008-10-31T13:22:00.000-07:00

RICE AGRICULTURE, COMMUNAL LIFE, AND THE CONFUCIAN STATE IN CHINA

Lecture Outline:

l. Geography and Climate
2. Rice Agriculture
3. Communal Life
4. Chinese Imperial State and World View
5. Age of Philosophy and Confucius
6. The Two Handles of Government
7. The Solution or Non Solution of Tao
8 The Dynastic Cycle of the Mandate of Heaven

Vocabulary and Dates

Rice Agriculture and Communal Life in Asian History

Huang Ho, Yellow River
Yangtze River
Intensive Labor Agriculture
Irrigation
Communal Life
Mutual Responsibility and Social Harmony

Chinese Imperial State and World View

QIN DYNASTY
Shih Huangdi The First Emperor known as the Tiger of Qin
256 b. C. Founding of the Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221-207 B. C. Short lived due to harsh rule.
The Great Wall, The Steppe Nomads (Hsiung Nu/Xiungnu)
Bureaucracy Principle, anti-aristocratic.
Xian, the first imperial capital of the Qin

1- The Army of the First Emperor
2- The Mausoleum of the First Emperor
3- The Terra Cotta Statues of the Army

HAN DYNASTY

Han Dynasty 3rd century B. C.-3rd Century A. D. (202 B. C. 220 A. D. ) Comparable to the Roman Empire. Tradition of Imperium. Middle Kingdom. Diplomacy: China as Older Brother to rest of nations who are Younger Brothers.
Confucian Philosophy softens Imperial State Practice.
Ssu Ma Chien, the first Historian of China, Shih chih, The Record of the Grand Historian

Age of Philosophy 6th Century B. C. in China, Greece, and Age of Religious Ferment India the Buddha at the same time!
Confucius, Kongze, 551-479 B. C.
Cultivated Gentleman
11 Main Dynasties follow Chinese Imperial State Tradition of Confucian Philosophy from the Qin all the way to 1911 Chinese Nationalist Revolution that destroyed the dynastic tradition.
Rites and Ceremonies
State Examinations
Forbidden City
The Tomb of Mao Zedong along the Temple of Heaven Axis attests to Dynastic tradition symbolism.

Two Handles of Government: Rewards and Punishments
Legalism, Han Fei ze

Taoism, Lao ze
No government is the best government. Non Being as ideal. Nature as source of Harmony.

Mandate of Heaven
Mencius
Heaven as power based on principle of Nature and Humanity.

1- The Forbidden City
2- The Great Wall

24/10/08- Hellenism

2008-10-31T13:11:00.000-07:00

HIST 105

HELLENISM

Alexander's Dreams

1- Mural from Pompei, Italy
2- Pierre Narcisse Guérin

Hellenistic world and its difference from classical Greece:

Political structure
Economy and trade
Urban life
Culture and arts

1- Euclid’s elements
2- Hipparchus

22/10/08- Athens & Spartans

2008-10-22T05:23:00.000-07:00

ATHENS & SPARTANS

Changes after the dark ages and their contribution to Greek democracy:

The rise of POLIS (POLIS)
The rise of hoplite phalanx
The rise of colonies and commercial expansion (accompanied by the rise of writing, and changes in art and architecture)

Athens Before Democracy:

Council of elders
Executive officials (archons)
People’s assembly

1. Hoplite

2. Hoplite Phalanx

Greek and Phoenician Colonies (550 BCE)

1. Latin
2. Greek
3. Phoenician
4. Hebrew
5. Arabic

1. Egyptian Sculpture

2. Greek Sculpture

Changes After Dark Ages:

The rise of POLIS (POLIS)
The rise of hoplite phalanx
The rise of colonies and commercial expansion (accompanied by the rise of writing, and changes in art and architecture)

Athenian Move Towards Democracy:

Solon’s reforms after 600 B.C.
– Easing the burdens of debts on farmers
– giving citizenship rights to foreign merchants and artisans
– people’s assembly being opened to the poor, and rise in its powers

Cleisthenes’ reforms after 500 B.C.
– making people’s assembly as the sole source of power

Athenian Democracy:

The Assembly
The council of 500
The courts

Spartan Political System:

Dual kings
Council of elders
Ephors
People’s assembly

Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)

1. Good Spartan
2. Bad Persian

1. Pericles

2. Acropolis in Athens

1. Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis
2. The Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, USA

1. Polykleitos, Disk-holder, 5th century B.C.

2. Myron, Disk-thrower, 5th century B.C.

3. Praxiteles, Venus, 4th century B.C.

The Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.):

Peloponnesian League versus Delian league

Athenian League & Peloponnesian War, in 435 BC

3rd MOVIE

2008-10-22T03:17:00.000-07:00

'300 Spartans' will be screened

on 24th of October, 2008, on Friday,
at 17:30, in GKM Ayhan Şahenk Hall.

If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center or multimedia center at library.

3rd ANNOUNCEMENT FOR READINGS

2008-10-21T02:46:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

This week we will discuss 4th week's primary sources in problem sessions on Friday. Although there are three reading materials in the syllabus, you are supposed to read only one, which is Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book II, Chapter VI, Funeral Oration of Pericles.

2nd ANNOUNCEMENT FOR READINGS

2008-10-21T02:38:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

Since some of you are having difficulty in accessing electronic documents in the library web page, we have found another way for you to reach the primary sources. We put all materials, including previous ones, to a photocopy shop, Hisar Digital, which is just behind the bus stop at the central gate of the South Campus.

20/10/08- Ancient Greek Civilization

2008-10-21T02:17:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 FALL 2008

ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

1. Bronze-age civilizations
(2000 B.C- 12th century B.C. )

2. ‘The Dark Ages’
(12th century B.C.-8th century B.C.)

3. Classical Greek civilization
(8th century B.C- 4rd century B.C.)

3. Hellenistic world
(338 B.C.- 146 B.C.)

Emphasis on:
political system
connections with the Near East
commercial ties with the outside world

Minoans:

Centered on the island of Crete
Flourished especially around 17th century B.C.
Primarily a mercantile people

Lineal A

Goddess or priestess, Crete, 1600 B.C

Mycenaeans:

Centered in southern Greece
Flourished especially between 1600-1200 B.C.
A militaristic society living in walled towns

The cultures of Minoans and Myceneans resembled other early civilizations of the Near East:

Developed urban life
Centralized and monarchical system of government
Large bureaucracies
Similarities in religion, and in art

‘The Dark Ages’ (12th- 8th centuries B.C.):

Urban decline and depopulation
Fewer international contacts and less trade
Simpler state structure
No writing
Art with simpler designs

Statuette of a horse, 8th century B.C

PROBLEM SESSIONS on FRIDAY

2008-10-18T04:30:00.000-07:00

KPark 2, Banu Kaygusuz,

1pm:
2007100292
2007104264
2007102842
2007103607
2006101579
2007103694
2007102935
2006104939
2007100250
2007102521
2006100205
2007104372
2006103235
2007100688
2006100664
2006100793
2008302060

2pm:
2006100823
2008207144
2007102770
2007100622
2007100130
2007101987
2005300099
2007103445
2007101816
2007101276
2008300258

3pm:
2007200300
2008680127
2007103307
2007300061
2007103247
2007101966
2007103058
2007102263
2006100403
2004104084

KPark 4, Ümit Fırat Açıkgöz,

9am:
2007103319
2004100580
2006102785
2004102104
2005200069
2004100046
2007100112
2006101252
2001102023
2005000131
2007101003
2007102038
2007101264
2006101120
2007104186
2007101525
2008302183
2007102413
2006000100
2007103391
2007101252

10am:
2005103232
2002102617
2007104000
2007103760
2007103268
2006100067
2006104927
2007102017
2007103613
2007104354
2007100112
2007100247
2007103538
2008300243
2007101681
2004200047
2007100874
2003100793
2006103865
2006102710
2007101927

11am:
2008209084
2007100610
2007101180
2007101654
2007103940
2006100334
2006101327
2007100529
2008302195
2008300222
2006104489
2006101804
2008301096
2007102590
2007103976
2004104489
2006104777
2006104423
2007200145

KPark 6, Ayşe Seren Akyoldaş,

1pm:
2007103088
2007102590
2007102728
2007101492
2004100301
2007200330
2006000001
2007103073
2006104810
2007100418
2007104288
2007100838
2006200330
2007103133
2007101429
2007104051
2007102128
2007101051
2007101315

2pm:
2003103427
2006102674
2007104261
2005101066
2007101645
2005102338
2007101852
2005102986
2007103331
2005100139
2007200148
2006103097

3pm:
2007100154
2007300004
2007103157
2005102410
2003102932
2005101318
2006104153

KPark 9, Ceren Abi,

11am:
2005102629
2005102170
2007100076
2007100424
2007101345
2007101927
2005101417
2006102437
2004103085
2005104444
2008302234
2006100970
2008301297
2007102734
2006102455
2006104312
2004100373
2003102584
2006104585

KPark 10, Melek Cevahiroğlu,

10am:
2007104009
2007104375
2007100703
2007103202
2008300141
2003101807
2005100775
2007103754
2007100832
2007100739
2006100940
2007103772
2007101804
2007103292
2008209147
2007100379
2008207000
2007103160
2007101966
2006104789

11am:
2005101753
2005102599
2008110150
2007104387
2008302123
2007102065
2005101390
2007104414
2006101690
2006103739
2007100772
2007103649
2005103943
2006102398
2007101072
2006100487
2007100361
2003100619
2008302159
2006103478

Kpark 10, Ceren Abi,

1pm:
2007100883
2007103688
2008302234
2005100271
2006102416
2007100298
2007101687
2004200051
2007103784
2007102752
2004100085
2007100748
2005103850
2007103712
2007102902
2005100967
2007101420
2006103160

2pm:
2005102542
2007200124
2007101126
2006104747
2005100232
2006104012
2007102275
2007101828
2002102572
2007100223
2006100004
2004100019
2003100025

KPark 11, Ayşe Tek Başaran,

10am:
2007100262
2006102794
2007200327
2004100883
2006100307
2004103085
2006103508
2005103541
2007101909
2007102671
2006104891
2006104426
2007100568
2007103880
2007103172
2007100670
2006104996
2006104153
2006102167
2007103925

11am:
2007104264
2007100697
2006100328
2008302213
2006101534
2006100574
2005102929
2005102410
2008208030
2007103517
2007100100
2008302003
2007103328
2007102704
2008208051
2007100778
2006104777
2005103286
2006104810

1pm:
2006104927
2006102143
2007104060
2007101438
2007102914
2005104117
2007104213
2007103082
2007100532
2007103403
2007101726
2007103052
2005103697
2006103034
2006102284
2007100850
2005100232
2005102362

15/10/08- Anatolia in the Iron Age

2008-10-16T02:59:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 Fall 2008
From Prehistory to History:

Cultural Continuity and Political Fragmentation: Anatolia in the Iron Age

Terminology:

Neo-Hittite kingdoms
Hieroglyphic Luwian
Aramaic, Phoenician
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Urartians, Bianili(Van)Tushpa,Hurro-Urartian language (East Caucasian Language Family)
Phrygians, Gordion
Lydia, Sardis
Troia,Taruisha, Assuwa, Wilusa
Myceneans, Linear B, Ahhiyawa, Achaeans
Arzawa,Mira, Caria
Lukka, Lycia
Alphabetic script
Indo-European languages

Early Greek Inscriptions from Athens and Thera 8th B.C.
Early Phrygian Inscriptions 8th B.C.

15/10/08- Anatolia in Bronze Age

2008-10-16T02:48:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 Fall 2008
From Prehistory to History

Social Stratification and Historical Records: Anatolia in the Bronze Age

Terminology:

AnatolianChronology
Early Bronze Age ca 3000-2000 BC
Middle Bronze Age ca. 2000-1650 BC
Late Bronze Age ca. 1650-1200 BC
Kanesh, Karum, Wabartum, Neshili
Hattusha, Hittites, Hattic
Social stratification
Land-deed tablet
Seals and seal impressions, bulla

No literacy discovered so far, thus language/s not known
Life takes place mainly in villages
Larger centers do exist, beginning of settlement hierarchies = network of settlements
Increase of social stratification/ reflected in lay-out of settelements and cemeteries
Sites with monumental buildings begin to appear i.e. Troia, Beycesultan, Kanesh
Towns have fortification walls and towers and gate ways
Dry Farming (importance of rain, W-god)
Animal husbandry (sheep, goat,
Metal processing (bronze, copper, silver, gold, electrum)
Some areas long-distance trade
Administration: seals and seal impressions
Formal Cemeteries
Complex iconography known only from Central Anatolia

Edict of Telepinu:

Long historical pre-amble covering ca. 100 y of a ruling dynasty/state (cf. to modern state of Turkey 85 y)
Declared aim is to lay down formal rules of succession: ‘Let a prince, a son of the first rank, become king. If there is no prince of the first rank, let him who is a son for the second rank become king. But if there is no prince, no heir, let them take an antiyant-husband (son-in-law) for her who is a daughter fo the first rank and let him become king.’ (from Bryce 2005)
Furthermore bloodshed within the dynasty banned with legal sanctions.

Hattusha- Boğazköy:

150 km E of Ankara
Today open-air museum
Center of a National History Park
Since 1986 one of Turkey’s nine sites in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage
Since 2001 the clay tablet archives at Hattusha have been included in the UNESCO ‘Memory of the World’ list.

10/10/08- From Accounting to Writing

2008-10-16T02:24:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 Fall 2008
FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY

From Accounting to Writing: Early Scripts and Ancient Languages

Vocabulary:

Script-language
Cuneiform (nickname)
Pictogram/pictographic
Ideogram/ideographic
Logogram/logographic
Phonetic/phonetization
Syllable/syllabic script
to decipher a script
Epigraphy (Inscriptions)
Palaeography (manuscripts)
Sumerian
Early Semitic languages:Akkadian, Eblaite, Assyrian, Babylonian
Hieroglyphic Script (Egyptian, Luwian)
Alphabetic Script
Papyrus, Parchment

Why was writing invented?:

When was writing invented?
Was it a single act?
What is the need that triggered developments that lead in the end to writing?
Intellectual needs? Spiritual needs? Other?

Urban scale of organization:

Collection, storage and redistribution of surplus on a very large scale
Requires control mechanism to prevent unauthorized access and declare ownership
Requires accounting techniques to ‘remember’ amounts and material

Earliest written signs around 3000 B.C.:

Pictograms/Ideograms/Logograms: pictures of objects from economic transactions= sheep, grain, fish, cattle, jars of oil
One sign(picture) per object, numeric signs as well

Mesopotamia invents writing on clay tablets:

Why?
How do you write on clay?

What happens next?:

Early writing has no language
Early writing is ideographic, often mnemonic (shopping list)
How do you write about ideas, feelings anything you cannot draw a picture of?
How do you write verbs, grammar, language?

REBUS Principle:

Example that works in English / Belief= bee + leaf
The sound value of a sign is recognized
This step is the phonetization of writing: you begin to use the sound of words each sign now conveys a syllable
Writing invented by Sumerians, Sumerian many mono syllable words, meaning changed by adding suffixes

Result: Cuneiform writing:

Cuneiform: nickname given to Mesopotamian script= wedge shaped
No connection between visual sign and the meaning of the sound that it represents
Combination of syllabic writing with some ideograms
Problematic part: leads to a lot of signs!!!

Development of signs through time from pictograph to cuneiform:

Step one: incised picture
Step two: rotate sideways to allow faster drawing
Step three: not drawn but impressed outline for even faster recording

Egyptian Hieroglyph writing:

Hieroglyph: ancient Greek designation for ancient egyptian script, ‘ta hieroglyphica’ means ‘the sacred carved (letters)’
In principle similar to cuneiform system= syllabic way of writing
Remains confined to Egypt and Egyptian
Mostly preserved inscribed on stone/wood/faience
Writing on papyrus invented in Egypt, writing used hieratic, an adaptation of hieroglyphic script to cursive and fast reproduction

Alphabetic writing:

Next development in systems of writing: one sign per one sound (consonant or vowel)
Decreases the number of signs significantly to ca. 30
Seems to have been stimulated by egyptian hieroglyphic writing
Earliest signs encountered already in Sinai(Searbit al Khadim, cared by miners at the turquoise mines

1st MOVIE

2008-10-14T07:24:00.000-07:00

The documentary movie called 'A Legend of the Toros Mountains; Karatepe-Aslantaş' was screened on 13th of October 2008, on Monday, in GKM Ayhan Şahenk Hall.

The film recounts the discovery of the site of a late Hittite fortress city, built by King Asativatas, and discovered in 1946, near Adana, at Karatepe (Black Hill). The bilingual inscriptions in Phoenician and Luwian carved into statues and the stone walls of the fort at the Karatepe site - known today as Aslantaş (Lion Stone) - provided the key to decipher the Hittite Luwian hieroglyphs. A discussion session titled, "A Pillar of Turkish Archeology: Halet Çambel," conducted by Prof. Ufuk Esin, member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences and Prof. Mehmet Özdoğan, from the Department of Archeology at Istanbul University, will follow the screening.

The film retraces the great efforts and sacrifices of the research team at Karatepe-Aslanbaş and documents the groundbreaking work in stone monument restoration led by Prof. Halet Çambel, and the foundation of the first open-air museum in Turkey.

Based on the excavation and preservation of the late-Hittite site of Aslantas, which is highly important for the visual and epigraphic material, the movie is worth to see and discuss for later sessions.

2nd ANNOUNCEMENT

2008-10-14T07:14:00.001-07:00

Dear all,

Our team is not in charge to provide the right edition of the course book to be sold by any photocopy shop around the university.

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR READINGS

2008-10-14T07:03:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

Because of the funeral, Ms. Ozyar could not attend her lecture on Monday. However, she will be continuing her lectures on Wednesday. For the readings, therefore, you are not responsible from the Week III's primary source on 'The Greeks in Egypt, Nubia and Scythia' from Histories, by Heredotos for this week.

2nd MOVIE

2008-10-09T13:29:00.000-07:00

"Baraka" will be shown

on 17th of October, 08, Friday
at 17:oo in GKM Ayhan Şahenk Hall

Plot for summary:
Without words, cameras show us the world, with an emphasis not on "where," but on "what's there." It begins with morning, natural landscapes and people at prayer: volcanoes, water falls, veldts, and forests; several hundred monks do a monkey chant. Indigenous peoples apply body paint; whole villages dance. The film moves to destruction of nature via logging, blasting, and strip mining. Images of poverty, rapid urban life, and factories give way to war, concentration camps, and mass graves. Ancient ruins come into view, and then a sacred river where pilgrims bathe and funeral pyres burn. Prayer and nature return. A monk rings a huge bell; stars wheel across the sky.

If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center.

08/10/08- The Pharaonic Kingdom and the Nile

2008-10-09T13:16:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 FALL 2008
08/10/08- Lecture-3

Egypt:
The Pharaonic Kingdom and the Nile

Fertile Crescent:
1.Early villages of foragers
2.Agriculture: dry farming
3.EarlyUrban Centers: Irrigation agriculture, full-time craft specialization

System of ‘nomes’:
(Greek nomos=district, province)
Villages, royal estates and small towns grouped together into regional administrative units under the control of a local governor.
Artbitrary divisions.

A= White Crown of Upper Egypt
B= Red Crown of Sais and Butto (Lower Egypt)
C= Combination Crown to signify rule over entire territory

Mesopt. And Egyptian Chronology (ca./B.C.)
Mesopotamian Chronology:
• Late Uruk Period 3300-3000
• Early Dynastic Period 2900-2300
Egyptian Chronology:
• Predynastic (c. 4650-3150)
• Early Dynastic Period 1+2 (3050-2686)
• Old Kingdom Dynasties 3-6 (c.2686-2181)

06/10/08- The Rise of Civilization

2008-10-09T12:43:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 FALL 2008
06/10/08- Lecture-2

FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY 2

The Rise of Civilization:
Early Urban Centers of the Ancient Near East

Terminology:
• Subsistence
• Surplus
• Alluvial plains
• Craft specialization
• Social complexity
• Pristine civilizations
• Uruk
• Wheel-made pottery

Fact:
Establishment of First Villages and Agricultural Transformation

. Where do we find early villages ? Why ?
. What is the next step? How are agricultural villages able to spread beyond their ‘ecological’ niche?
. Where do we begin to see villages from the 6th millennium onwards?

Settlement in Mesopotamia:
• Alluvial Plains created by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers = Mesopotamia (modern term)
• village type of settlements begin here in the course of the 6th millennium (irrigation)
• Settlement pattern studies
• in the course of the 4th millennium development of one major urban scale center: the city of URUK (Warka in modern Arabic, Erech in the Old Testament)

How do we define an urban center?
Following Criteria derived from G. Childe’s proposal
• Size of settlements
• Full-time specialization of labor
• Economic surplus
• Monumental public works
• Long-distance trade
• Institutionalization of religion
• Emergence of writing

Early Dynastic Political Discourse:

City-state: central town+villages in hinterland (r= ca. 15 km)

Two types of land-use:
1. cultivated land=irrigated
2. Pasture land,hunting area

Population growth+dryer climate=stress
Competition for land!! New concept leads to organized warfare

Mesopotamian ideology about cities:

Cities built for specific Deities
Deities live in a world parallel to humans
Temples are divine households
Temple administration=urban elite=owns land
Private land ownership on a small scale also exists however.
Economy organized in households Divine and private.

26/09/08- Agricultural Transformation and First Permanent Settlements

2008-10-07T03:50:00.000-07:00

HIST 105 FALL 2008
26/09/08- Lecture-1

FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY 1:
Agricultural Transformation and First Permanent Settlements

Terminology:
. Hominidae
. Homo Sapiens
. Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic
. Neo-graecizing terms
. World wide Climate Change
. Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene
. Mobile Hunters and Gatherers
. Agriculture, Domesticated species
. Permanent settlements=villages
. Çayönü
. Nevali Çori
. Göbekli Tepe

Time Frame:
. Duration of hominid existence on our planet?
. Location of earliest existence?
. When do hominids begin to spread?
. When and where do we have traces for early hominids in Turkey?

Traditional Terminology for Chronology:
. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
. Neolithic (New Stone Age)
. Chalcolithic (Copper/Stone Age)
. Bronze Age
. Iron Age
. So called Three Age System Developed by C. Thomsen to classify collections in the National Museum of Denmark in early 19th c. (1816-19)
. What are the problems?

Alternative Terminology:
World Wide Climate Chage
. Quaternary Period: 4th geological in the history of the planet which includes both climatic periods below
. Pleistocene (1.6 million- 10 B.P.) Great Ice Age
. Holocene (10.000 B.P.- present) Post- Glacial Period

Location:
Ancient Near East
. Why do we begin our survey in the so-called ANE or Southwestern Asia?
. Two developments in the history of human record that proved irreversible observed in this region earliest in date.

Agriculture and Permanent Settlenments:
. Agriculture refers to the domestication of selected plant and animal species in answer to human needs
. Why? How? Where?
. How can we tell?
. Man has always built shelters to protect from the elements. Permanent settlements refer to man building shelters which are used all year around and over generations
. Beginning of agriculture.

HIST 105: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD, I

2008-09-21T05:25:00.000-07:00

Boğaziçi University, Department of History

HIST 105: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD, I FALL 2008

Coordinator: Ahmet Ersoy

e-mail: ersoya@boun.edu.tr office hours: Tuesdays 13:30-15:00, TB 512

Teaching Assistants: Melek Cevahiroğlu (Head T.A.) hist105@boun.edu.tr
Ceren Abi, Ümit Fırat Açıkgöz, Seren Akyoldaş, Ayşe Tek Başaran, Banu Kaygusuz

Lectures: MWF 4, GKM
Discussion sessions: Fridays, Kuzey Park, hours TBA
Web: hist.boun.edu.tr

Course Description:

The Making of the Modern World (Hist 105; Hist 106) is a two-semester elective course providing a thematic history of the world from ancient to modern times. The course surveys the major patterns and events of human activity from a global perspective within a broad chronological framework, while familiarizing students with interactions, parallellisms, and incongruities in the historical and cultural patterns of diverse societies and civilizations. The course aims to develop an understanding of modes and patterns of historical change, and provides a perspective on the complex ways in which the legacy of the past shapes our present.
The first part of the course (Hist 105) focuses on the ancient and the medieval world, and approaches the formation and transformations of specific social, political, cultural, and economic patterns through a global perspective. Beginning with the first steps of humanity and the first permanent settlements and urban centers of the ancient Near East, the course turns to the Ancient Greek, Roman, and East Asian civilizations. Broad historical transformations of the medieval era in the eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Middle East and Asia constitute the last main focus. For each of these three major periods, the course examines aspects of political, cultural, ideological and institutional structures and transformations, as well as aspects of daily life and material culture. Connections and interactions across spatial and cultural divides remain a focus throughout the survey.

Format:

The course is team-taught by members of the History Department. Each week’s lectures will be followed by one-hour discussion sessions on Fridays led by the teaching assistants.
There are two types of reading for the course. The textbook [P.N. Stearns, M. Adas, S.B. Schwartz, M.H. Gilbert, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (New York, 2007)], provides an introduction and background to the topics to be covered in the lectures. The primary source readings for each week introduce a set of particular issues and themes directly related to the lecture topics. The Friday sections with the teaching assistants will be devoted in part to the in-depth discussion and interpretation of the primary sources, and in part to the discussion of the main themes and issues of the week. Four historical movies or documentaries related to course themes will be screened through the semester.
It is highly important that you participate fully in the course by attending the lectures, doing the readings (preferably before lectures, certainly before the Friday discussion hours), and partaking in the discussions led by the teaching assistants.
All readings will be available as electronic documents on the Boğaziçi Library web site (go to Catalogue Search; Search Course Reserves). Stearns, et al, World Civilizations: The Global Experience is also available in the Boğaziçi University Bookstore. Lecture outlines and course announcements will be posted on the course website.

Requirements:
Mid-term exam: 40%
Final exam: 50%
Attendance and participation in discussion sessions: 10%

HIST 105 THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD, I FALL 2008

24 September W Introduction Ersoy

PART 1: FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY

26 September F Agricultural Transformation and
the First Permanent Settlements Özyar

Reading, week 1 (26 Sept.): P.N. Stearns, M. Adas, S.B. Schwartz, M.H. Gilbert, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (New York, 2007), pp. 2-25.

29 September M No class
1 October W No class
3 October F No class

6 October M The Rise of Civilization: Early Urban
Centers of the Ancient Near East Özyar

8 October W Egypt: The Pharaonic Kingdom
and the Nile Özyar

10 October F From Accounting to Writing: Early Scripts
and Ancient Languages Özyar

Readings and sources, week 2 (6-10 Oct.): Stearns et al., pp. 25-35
from The Epic of Gilgamesh
from The Edict of Telipinus

13 October M Social Stratification and Historical Records:
Anatolia in the Bronze Age Özyar

PART 2: THE ANCIENT WORLD

15 October W Cultural Continuity and Political
Fragmentation: Anatolia in the Iron Age Özyar

17 October F Greeks and Barbarians:
Cultural Exchange in the Ancient World Vasilakeris

Readings and sources, week 3 (13-17 Oct.): Stearns et al, pp. 35-45
from Heredotos, Histories, “The Greeks in Egypt, Nubia and Scythia.”

20 October M The Greek City and Democracy Durak

22 October W Economy and Material Culture
in the Greek City Durak

24 October F The Hellenic World:
From City State to Empire Durak

Readings and sources, week 4 (20-24 Oct.): Stearns et al., chapter 5, pp. 94-115
from Homer, The Odyssey, “King Nestor Remembers”
from Aristotle, “Virtues and vices”
from Thucidydes, The Peloponnesian War, Book II, Chapter VI, Funeral oration of Pericles

27 October M Rice Agriculture, Communal Life,
and the Confucian State in China Togan

29 October W No class

31 October F The Persian Empire and the
Alexandrian Legacy in Asia Togan

Readings and sources, week 5 (27, 31 Oct.): Stearns et al., pp. 55-93
from Lao Tzu, The Classic of the Way and of Virtue
from Confucius, K’ung fu-tzu, (469-399 B. C. ) Analects

3 November M Rome: the Republic Durak

5 November W Rome: the Empire Durak

7 November F The Fall of Rome and the Roman Legacy Durak

Readings and sources, week 6 (3-7 Nov.): Stearns et al., pp. 140-157, pp. 218-222.
from Polybius, History, Book 6, “Rome at the End of the Punic Wars”
from the correspondance of Pliny and Trajan

10 November M Religion in the Mediterranean World
and the Rise of Christianity Vasilakeris

PART 3: THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

12 November W The Byzantine Empire: from Constantine the Great
to the Age of Justinian Necipoğlu

14 November F Byzantine Society from
Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages Necipoğlu

Readings and sources, week 7 (10-14 Nov.): Stearns et al., pp. 222-227.
from Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History
from Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine
Constantine's Coins, Statues and the Arch of Constantine in Rome

17 November M From the Iconoclastic Controversy to the Great Schism:
Christianity Divides Necipoğlu

19 November W Midterm

21 November W Byzantium from the age of the Crusades
to the Ottoman Conquest Necipoğlu

Readings and sources, week 8 (17, 21 Nov.): Stearns et al., pp. 304-319 (chapter 14)
from Anna Comnena, Alexiad
from Manuel Palaiologos, Letters

24 November M Medieval Europe: Rural Society
and Feudalism Eldem

26 November W Medieval European Politics:
Kings and Vassals Eldem

28 November F Medieval European Politics:
Popes and Bishops Eldem

Reading, week 9 (24-28 Nov): Stearns et al., pp. 320-343 (chapter 15)
The Constitution of Emperor Conrad II Concerning the Fiefs of Italy
The Dictatus Papae, [On Papal Power]
Letter of Fulbert of Chartres on the Obligation of Vassals

1 December M Medieval Europe: Towns and
Urban Institutions Eldem

3 December W Feudalism in Japan:
the Samurai and the Peasant Aoki Girardelli

5 December F Religion in the Irano-Mediterranean World
and the Rise of Islam Pancaroğlu

Readings and sources, week 10 (1-5 Dec.): Stearns et al. pp. 388-403

8 December M No class
10 December W No class
12 December F No class

15 December M The Caliphate: From Medina
to Damascus and Baghdad Pancaroğlu

17 December W Religious and Political Fragmentation
in the Islamic World Pancaroğlu

19 December F Medieval Near Eastern Societies Pancaroğlu

Readings and sources, week 11 (15-19 Dec): Stearns et al., pp. 236-270.
from Mawardi, The Ordinances of Government (a Juridical Theory on the Caliphate)
from Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddima: An Introduction to History
examples of Umayyad and Abbasid Coinage

22 December M Medieval Encounters:
Conflict and Coexistence Ersoy

24 December W The Greco-Roman Legacy
in the Medieval World Ersoy

26 December F Medieval Chinese Society and Culture Togan

Readings and sources, week 12 (22-26 Dec): Stearns et al., pp. 230-235.
Stearns et al., pp. 366-387; pp. 450-451.
from Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354
Letters from the documents of the Cairo Geniza

29 December M Medieval Central Asia: Pancaroğlu
Sufis, Saints and Nomads

31 December W The Genghisid World-Empire Kafescioğlu

Readings and sources, week 14 (29, 31 Dec.): Stearns et. al., pp. 412-433 (chapter 19).
from Yusuf Khass Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic
Mirror for Princes