From Prehistory to History
Social Stratification and Historical Records: Anatolia in the Bronze Age
Terminology:
- AnatolianChronology
- Early Bronze Age ca 3000-2000 BC
- Middle Bronze Age ca. 2000-1650 BC
- Late Bronze Age ca. 1650-1200 BC
- Kanesh, Karum, Wabartum, Neshili
- Hattusha, Hittites, Hattic
- Social stratification
- Land-deed tablet
- Seals and seal impressions, bulla
- No literacy discovered so far, thus language/s not known
- Life takes place mainly in villages
- Larger centers do exist, beginning of settlement hierarchies = network of settlements
- Increase of social stratification/ reflected in lay-out of settelements and cemeteries
- Sites with monumental buildings begin to appear i.e. Troia, Beycesultan, Kanesh
- Towns have fortification walls and towers and gate ways
- Dry Farming (importance of rain, W-god)
- Animal husbandry (sheep, goat,
- Metal processing (bronze, copper, silver, gold, electrum)
- Some areas long-distance trade
- Administration: seals and seal impressions
- Formal Cemeteries
- Complex iconography known only from Central Anatolia
Edict of Telepinu:
- Long historical pre-amble covering ca. 100 y of a ruling dynasty/state (cf. to modern state of Turkey 85 y)
- Declared aim is to lay down formal rules of succession: ‘Let a prince, a son of the first rank, become king. If there is no prince of the first rank, let him who is a son for the second rank become king. But if there is no prince, no heir, let them take an antiyant-husband (son-in-law) for her who is a daughter fo the first rank and let him become king.’ (from Bryce 2005)
- Furthermore bloodshed within the dynasty banned with legal sanctions.
Hattusha- Boğazköy:
- 150 km E of Ankara
- Today open-air museum
- Center of a National History Park
- Since 1986 one of Turkey’s nine sites in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage
- Since 2001 the clay tablet archives at Hattusha have been included in the UNESCO ‘Memory of the World’ list.
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