27/10/08- Rice Culture, Communual Life & Confucian State in China

RICE AGRICULTURE, COMMUNAL LIFE, AND THE CONFUCIAN STATE IN CHINA

Lecture Outline:

l. Geography and Climate
2. Rice Agriculture
3. Communal Life
4. Chinese Imperial State and World View
5. Age of Philosophy and Confucius
6. The Two Handles of Government
7. The Solution or Non Solution of Tao
8 The Dynastic Cycle of the Mandate of Heaven

Vocabulary and Dates

Rice Agriculture and Communal Life in Asian History


Huang Ho, Yellow River
Yangtze River
Intensive Labor Agriculture
Irrigation
Communal Life
Mutual Responsibility and Social Harmony

Chinese Imperial State and World View

QIN DYNASTY
Shih Huangdi The First Emperor known as the Tiger of Qin
256 b. C. Founding of the Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221-207 B. C. Short lived due to harsh rule.
The Great Wall, The Steppe Nomads (Hsiung Nu/Xiungnu)
Bureaucracy Principle, anti-aristocratic.
Xian, the first imperial capital of the Qin



1- The Army of the First Emperor
2- The Mausoleum of the First Emperor
3- The Terra Cotta Statues of the Army

HAN DYNASTY

Han Dynasty 3rd century B. C.-3rd Century A. D. (202 B. C. 220 A. D. ) Comparable to the Roman Empire. Tradition of Imperium. Middle Kingdom. Diplomacy: China as Older Brother to rest of nations who are Younger Brothers.
Confucian Philosophy softens Imperial State Practice.
Ssu Ma Chien, the first Historian of China, Shih chih, The Record of the Grand Historian

Age of Philosophy 6th Century B. C. in China, Greece, and Age of Religious Ferment India the Buddha at the same time!
Confucius, Kongze, 551-479 B. C.
Cultivated Gentleman
11 Main Dynasties follow Chinese Imperial State Tradition of Confucian Philosophy from the Qin all the way to 1911 Chinese Nationalist Revolution that destroyed the dynastic tradition.
Rites and Ceremonies
State Examinations
Forbidden City
The Tomb of Mao Zedong along the Temple of Heaven Axis attests to Dynastic tradition symbolism.

Two Handles of Government: Rewards and Punishments
Legalism, Han Fei ze

Taoism, Lao ze
No government is the best government. Non Being as ideal. Nature as source of Harmony.

Mandate of Heaven
Mencius
Heaven as power based on principle of Nature and Humanity.

1- The Forbidden City
2- The Great Wall

24/10/08- Hellenism

HIST 105

HELLENISM

Alexander's Dreams



1- Mural from Pompei, Italy
2- Pierre Narcisse Guérin

Hellenistic world and its difference from classical Greece:

• Political structure
• Economy and trade
• Urban life
• Culture and arts

1- Euclid’s elements
2- Hipparchus

22/10/08- Athens & Spartans

ATHENS & SPARTANS

Changes after the dark ages and their contribution to Greek democracy:

• The rise of POLIS (POLIS)
• The rise of hoplite phalanx
• The rise of colonies and commercial expansion (accompanied by the rise of writing, and changes in art and architecture)

Athens Before Democracy:

• Council of elders
• Executive officials (archons)
• People’s assembly

1. Hoplite

2. Hoplite Phalanx

Greek and Phoenician Colonies (550 BCE)

1. Latin
2. Greek
3. Phoenician
4. Hebrew
5. Arabic

1. Egyptian Sculpture

2. Greek Sculpture

Changes After Dark Ages:

• The rise of POLIS (POLIS)
• The rise of hoplite phalanx
• The rise of colonies and commercial expansion (accompanied by the rise of writing, and changes in art and architecture)

Athenian Move Towards Democracy:

• Solon’s reforms after 600 B.C.
  – Easing the burdens of debts on farmers
  – giving citizenship rights to foreign merchants and artisans
  – people’s assembly being opened to the poor, and rise in its powers


• Cleisthenes’ reforms after 500 B.C.
  – making people’s assembly as the sole source of power

Athenian Democracy:

• The Assembly
• The council of 500
• The courts

Spartan Political System:

• Dual kings
• Council of elders
• Ephors
• People’s assembly

Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)

1. Good Spartan
2. Bad Persian

1. Pericles

2. Acropolis in Athens

1. Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis
2. The Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, USA

1. Polykleitos, Disk-holder, 5th century B.C.

2. Myron, Disk-thrower, 5th century B.C.

3. Praxiteles, Venus, 4th century B.C.

The Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.):

Peloponnesian League versus Delian league

Athenian League & Peloponnesian War, in 435 BC

3rd MOVIE

'300 Spartans' will be screened

on 24th of October, 2008, on Friday,
at 17:30, in GKM Ayhan Şahenk Hall.

If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center or multimedia center at library.

3rd ANNOUNCEMENT FOR READINGS

Dear all,

This week we will discuss 4th week's primary sources in problem sessions on Friday. Although there are three reading materials in the syllabus, you are supposed to read only one, which is Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book II, Chapter VI, Funeral Oration of Pericles.

2nd ANNOUNCEMENT FOR READINGS

Dear all,

Since some of you are having difficulty in accessing electronic documents in the library web page, we have found another way for you to reach the primary sources. We put all materials, including previous ones, to a photocopy shop, Hisar Digital, which is just behind the bus stop at the central gate of the South Campus.

20/10/08- Ancient Greek Civilization

HIST 105 FALL 2008

ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

1. Bronze-age civilizations
(2000 B.C- 12th century B.C. )

2. ‘The Dark Ages’
(12th century B.C.-8th century B.C.)

3. Classical Greek civilization
(8th century B.C- 4rd century B.C.)

3. Hellenistic world
(338 B.C.- 146 B.C.)

Emphasis on:
political system
connections with the Near East
commercial ties with the outside world

Minoans:

• Centered on the island of Crete
• Flourished especially around 17th century B.C.
• Primarily a mercantile people

Lineal A

Goddess or priestess, Crete, 1600 B.C

Mycenaeans:

• Centered in southern Greece
• Flourished especially between 1600-1200 B.C.
• A militaristic society living in walled towns

The cultures of Minoans and Myceneans resembled other early civilizations of the Near East:

• Developed urban life
• Centralized and monarchical system of government
• Large bureaucracies
• Similarities in religion, and in art

‘The Dark Ages’ (12th- 8th centuries B.C.):

• Urban decline and depopulation
• Fewer international contacts and less trade
• Simpler state structure
• No writing
• Art with simpler designs

Statuette of a horse, 8th century B.C

PROBLEM SESSIONS on FRIDAY

KPark 2, Banu Kaygusuz,

1pm:
2007100292
2007104264
2007102842
2007103607
2006101579
2007103694
2007102935
2006104939
2007100250
2007102521
2006100205
2007104372
2006103235
2007100688
2006100664
2006100793
2008302060

2pm:
2006100823
2008207144
2007102770
2007100622
2007100130
2007101987
2005300099
2007103445
2007101816
2007101276
2008300258

3pm:
2007200300
2008680127
2007103307
2007300061
2007103247
2007101966
2007103058
2007102263
2006100403
2004104084

KPark 4, Ümit Fırat Açıkgöz,

9am:
2007103319
2004100580
2006102785
2004102104
2005200069
2004100046
2007100112
2006101252
2001102023
2005000131
2007101003
2007102038
2007101264
2006101120
2007104186
2007101525
2008302183
2007102413
2006000100
2007103391
2007101252

10am:
2005103232
2002102617
2007104000
2007103760
2007103268
2006100067
2006104927
2007102017
2007103613
2007104354
2007100112
2007100247
2007103538
2008300243
2007101681
2004200047
2007100874
2003100793
2006103865
2006102710
2007101927


11am:
2008209084
2007100610
2007101180
2007101654
2007103940
2006100334
2006101327
2007100529
2008302195
2008300222
2006104489
2006101804
2008301096
2007102590
2007103976
2004104489
2006104777
2006104423
2007200145

KPark 6, Ayşe Seren Akyoldaş,

1pm:
2007103088
2007102590
2007102728
2007101492
2004100301
2007200330
2006000001
2007103073
2006104810
2007100418
2007104288
2007100838
2006200330
2007103133
2007101429
2007104051
2007102128
2007101051
2007101315

2pm:
2003103427
2006102674
2007104261
2005101066
2007101645
2005102338
2007101852
2005102986
2007103331
2005100139
2007200148
2006103097

3pm:
2007100154
2007300004
2007103157
2005102410
2003102932
2005101318
2006104153

KPark 9, Ceren Abi,

11am:
2005102629
2005102170
2007100076
2007100424
2007101345
2007101927
2005101417
2006102437
2004103085
2005104444
2008302234
2006100970
2008301297
2007102734
2006102455
2006104312
2004100373
2003102584
2006104585

KPark 10, Melek Cevahiroğlu,

10am:
2007104009
2007104375
2007100703
2007103202
2008300141
2003101807
2005100775
2007103754
2007100832
2007100739
2006100940
2007103772
2007101804
2007103292
2008209147
2007100379
2008207000
2007103160
2007101966
2006104789

11am:
2005101753
2005102599
2008110150
2007104387
2008302123
2007102065
2005101390
2007104414
2006101690
2006103739
2007100772
2007103649
2005103943
2006102398
2007101072
2006100487
2007100361
2003100619
2008302159
2006103478

Kpark 10, Ceren Abi,

1pm:
2007100883
2007103688
2008302234
2005100271
2006102416
2007100298
2007101687
2004200051
2007103784
2007102752
2004100085
2007100748
2005103850
2007103712
2007102902
2005100967
2007101420
2006103160

2pm:
2005102542
2007200124
2007101126
2006104747
2005100232
2006104012
2007102275
2007101828
2002102572
2007100223
2006100004
2004100019
2003100025

KPark 11, Ayşe Tek Başaran,

10am:
2007100262
2006102794
2007200327
2004100883
2006100307
2004103085
2006103508
2005103541
2007101909
2007102671
2006104891
2006104426
2007100568
2007103880
2007103172
2007100670
2006104996
2006104153
2006102167
2007103925

11am:
2007104264
2007100697
2006100328
2008302213
2006101534
2006100574
2005102929
2005102410
2008208030
2007103517
2007100100
2008302003
2007103328
2007102704
2008208051
2007100778
2006104777
2005103286
2006104810

1pm:
2006104927
2006102143
2007104060
2007101438
2007102914
2005104117
2007104213
2007103082
2007100532
2007103403
2007101726
2007103052
2005103697
2006103034
2006102284
2007100850
2005100232
2005102362

15/10/08- Anatolia in the Iron Age

HIST 105 Fall 2008
From Prehistory to History:

Cultural Continuity and Political Fragmentation: Anatolia in the Iron Age

Terminology:

• Neo-Hittite kingdoms
• Hieroglyphic Luwian
• Aramaic, Phoenician
• Neo-Assyrian Empire
• Urartians, Bianili(Van)Tushpa,Hurro-Urartian language (East Caucasian Language Family)
• Phrygians, Gordion
• Lydia, Sardis
• Troia,Taruisha, Assuwa, Wilusa
• Myceneans, Linear B, Ahhiyawa, Achaeans
• Arzawa,Mira, Caria
• Lukka, Lycia
• Alphabetic script
• Indo-European languages

• Early Greek Inscriptions from Athens and Thera 8th B.C.
• Early Phrygian Inscriptions 8th B.C.

15/10/08- Anatolia in Bronze Age

HIST 105 Fall 2008
From Prehistory to History

Social Stratification and Historical Records: Anatolia in the Bronze Age

Terminology:

• AnatolianChronology
• Early Bronze Age ca 3000-2000 BC
• Middle Bronze Age ca. 2000-1650 BC
• Late Bronze Age ca. 1650-1200 BC
• Kanesh, Karum, Wabartum, Neshili
• Hattusha, Hittites, Hattic
• Social stratification
• Land-deed tablet
• Seals and seal impressions, bulla

• No literacy discovered so far, thus language/s not known
• Life takes place mainly in villages
• Larger centers do exist, beginning of settlement hierarchies = network of settlements
• Increase of social stratification/ reflected in lay-out of settelements and cemeteries
• Sites with monumental buildings begin to appear i.e. Troia, Beycesultan, Kanesh
• Towns have fortification walls and towers and gate ways
• Dry Farming (importance of rain, W-god)
• Animal husbandry (sheep, goat,
• Metal processing (bronze, copper, silver, gold, electrum)
• Some areas long-distance trade
• Administration: seals and seal impressions
• Formal Cemeteries
• Complex iconography known only from Central Anatolia

Edict of Telepinu:

• Long historical pre-amble covering ca. 100 y of a ruling dynasty/state (cf. to modern state of Turkey 85 y)
• Declared aim is to lay down formal rules of succession: ‘Let a prince, a son of the first rank, become king. If there is no prince of the first rank, let him who is a son for the second rank become king. But if there is no prince, no heir, let them take an antiyant-husband (son-in-law) for her who is a daughter fo the first rank and let him become king.’ (from Bryce 2005)
• Furthermore bloodshed within the dynasty banned with legal sanctions.

Hattusha- Boğazköy:

• 150 km E of Ankara
• Today open-air museum
• Center of a National History Park
• Since 1986 one of Turkey’s nine sites in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage
• Since 2001 the clay tablet archives at Hattusha have been included in the UNESCO ‘Memory of the World’ list.

10/10/08- From Accounting to Writing

HIST 105 Fall 2008
FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY

From Accounting to Writing: Early Scripts and Ancient Languages

Vocabulary:

• Script-language
• Cuneiform (nickname)
• Pictogram/pictographic
• Ideogram/ideographic
• Logogram/logographic
• Phonetic/phonetization
• Syllable/syllabic script
• to decipher a script
• Epigraphy (Inscriptions)
• Palaeography (manuscripts)
• Sumerian
• Early Semitic languages:Akkadian, Eblaite, Assyrian, Babylonian
• Hieroglyphic Script (Egyptian, Luwian)
• Alphabetic Script
• Papyrus, Parchment

Why was writing invented?:

• When was writing invented?
• Was it a single act?
• What is the need that triggered developments that lead in the end to writing?
• Intellectual needs? Spiritual needs? Other?

Urban scale of organization:

• Collection, storage and redistribution of surplus on a very large scale
• Requires control mechanism to prevent unauthorized access and declare ownership
• Requires accounting techniques to ‘remember’ amounts and material

Earliest written signs around 3000 B.C.:

• Pictograms/Ideograms/Logograms: pictures of objects from economic transactions= sheep, grain, fish, cattle, jars of oil
• One sign(picture) per object, numeric signs as well

Mesopotamia invents writing on clay tablets:

• Why?
• How do you write on clay?

What happens next?:

• Early writing has no language
• Early writing is ideographic, often mnemonic (shopping list)
• How do you write about ideas, feelings anything you cannot draw a picture of?
• How do you write verbs, grammar, language?

REBUS Principle:

• Example that works in English / Belief= bee + leaf
• The sound value of a sign is recognized
• This step is the phonetization of writing: you begin to use the sound of words each sign now conveys a syllable
• Writing invented by Sumerians, Sumerian many mono syllable words, meaning changed by adding suffixes

Result: Cuneiform writing:

• Cuneiform: nickname given to Mesopotamian script= wedge shaped
• No connection between visual sign and the meaning of the sound that it represents
• Combination of syllabic writing with some ideograms
• Problematic part: leads to a lot of signs!!!

Development of signs through time from pictograph to cuneiform:

• Step one: incised picture
• Step two: rotate sideways to allow faster drawing
• Step three: not drawn but impressed outline for even faster recording

Egyptian Hieroglyph writing:

• Hieroglyph: ancient Greek designation for ancient egyptian script, ‘ta hieroglyphica’ means ‘the sacred carved (letters)’
• In principle similar to cuneiform system= syllabic way of writing
• Remains confined to Egypt and Egyptian
• Mostly preserved inscribed on stone/wood/faience
• Writing on papyrus invented in Egypt, writing used hieratic, an adaptation of hieroglyphic script to cursive and fast reproduction

Alphabetic writing:

• Next development in systems of writing: one sign per one sound (consonant or vowel)
• Decreases the number of signs significantly to ca. 30
• Seems to have been stimulated by egyptian hieroglyphic writing
• Earliest signs encountered already in Sinai(Searbit al Khadim, cared by miners at the turquoise mines